theorists for paper 2

Question 1

Lakoff

Answer 1

supported Jespersen’s deficit model of 1922. argued that male language was the norm and females language was deficient.
conventions of male and female language
released a book in 1975 “language and woman’s place”

Question 2

O’Barr and Atkins

Answer 2

concluded that the language conventions that lakoff said women used were also used by men who had little power/confidence. language diversity is due to power not gender. in the stereotypical past women have had less power which may be the cause of their language. in a more equal society, maybe these differences will be less present.

Question 3

Tannen

Answer 3

1990 book "you just don't understand"
difference model 
status vs support
independence vs intimacy 
advice vs understanding 
information vs feelings 
orders vs proposals 
conflict vs compromise

Question 4

cheshire

Answer 4

non standard form 1982
concluded that boys use non standard forms to conform to/are controlled by vernacular culture
In 1987, Cheshire observed that language, as much as with teenagers as with adults, develops in response to “important life events that affect social relations and social attitudes of individuals.”

Question 5

coates

Answer 5

1989

argued that kids will be apart of same sex friendship groups and femlale language is cooperative

Question 6

janet hyde

Answer 6

2005
gender similarities hypothesis
more similarities between men and women than differances

Question 7

milroy

Answer 7

belfast study 1980
men more closed networks
women more open networks
investigated 3 working class communities

Question 8

pilkington

Answer 8

1992- Women in same sex conversations were more positive and collaborative. Men in same sex talk were a lot less collaborative

Question 9

waering

Answer 9

1999 – Power types. Influential, power that’s used to influence and people listen because they want to. Instrumental, power used to establish power and must listen. Personal power – links to occupational roles. Political power – position to enforce law. Social group power – links to social roles (age, power sex

Question 10

drew and herritage

Answer 10

Inferential framework – knowledge is built up over time and used to understand meanings that is implicit (linking to jargon). Believed there were 6 predominant features of workplace speech; goal orientation, turn taking rules, allowing contributions, professional lexis, structure, and symmetry.

Question 11

herrgard

Answer 11

jargon is important as it increases efficiency in the workplace

Question 12

swales

Answer 12

2011 – discourse communities. People use lexis specific to occupation to share and achieve the same goals. One must possess the required level of knowledge to join the community.

Question 13

crystal

Answer 13

speech acts
Verdictives, which present a finding
Exercitives, which exemplify power or influence (includes giving permission or orders)
Commissives, which consist of promising or committing to doing something
Behabitives, which have to do with social behaviors and attitudes like apologizing and congratulating
Expositives, which explain how our language interacts with itself

Question 14

kohn

Answer 14

language choice is in response to life events

Question 15

grice

Answer 15

maxims
quality 
quantity 
manner
relevance

Question 16

coupland

Answer 16

convergence study in a travel agency
woman converged to customers
aitch dropping “we’d ave to get”
intervocalic “em”

Question 17

malz/borker

Answer 17

men are more agressive in speech

Question 18

labov

Answer 18

martha’s vineyard
fisherman
tourists
locals
tourists converged to the fisherman in order to seem differant form the tourists
investigated the /au/ and /ai/ vowel sounds, in words such as mouse and mice

Question 19

eckert

Answer 19

chronological age: number of years since birth
biological age: maturity
social age: age based upon life experiences

Question 20

kerswill

Answer 20

social mobility leads to increased dialect levelling

Question 21

choy and Dodd

Answer 21

teachers make judgements on students based on how they speak

Question 22

giles capital punishment experiment

Answer 22

same script in different accents
regional accents were more persuasive
rp seen as more impressive
people not impressed with urban accents

Question 23

dixon and mahoney

Answer 23

‘matched guise’ approach in order to see if there was a correlation between accent and how we percieve someone’s guilt
non-standard Birmingham speakers are more likely to be considered guilty than more standard Birmingham speakers

Question 24

Seligam, Tucker and Lambert

Answer 24

teacher’s perceptions of students are heavily influenced by their speech

Question 25

aitchinson

Answer 25

crumbling castle, infectious disease, damp spoon syndrome

Question 26

bernstein

Answer 26

elaborated code - upper class
restricted code - working class
middle class - both

Question 27

spapir whorf hypothesis

Answer 27

the way we use language influences our world view or perception e.g. if youre brought up to use language that is pejorative to a particular social group. you will likely develop a pejorative view towards this group

Question 28

koester

Answer 28

phatic communication “how was your weekend?”
“nice weather today isn’t it” “how you doing?” important in the workplace as it builds relationships and these are important in the workplace

Question 29

zimmerman

Answer 29

teens influenced by the media

Question 30

de klerk

Answer 30

teens use language to create new identities and defy the norm

Question 31

brown levinson

Answer 31

the language we use at work is determined by our heirachy