Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
what are Grice’s 4 conversational maxims
A
maxim of quantity
maxim of quality
maxim of relevance
maxim of manner
2
Q
convergence
A
changing your speech to fit in
3
Q
divergence
A
changing your speech to stand out
4
Q
descriptive
A
the approach that focuses on how language is actually used
5
Q
prescriptive
A
the approach that focuses on the rules of language
6
Q
noun phrase
A
a group of words built around a noun
7
Q
pre-modifier
A
a word that goes before the noun to add detail about it
8
Q
post-modifier
A
a word that goes after the noun to add detail about it
9
Q
qualifier
A
an additional word or phrase that clarifies the position of the noun in space and time
10
Q
primary auxiliary verb
A
joins with the main verb to show tense
e.g. had
11
Q
modal auxiliary verb
A
joins with the main verb to show a degree of commitment
e.g. must
12
Q
coordination
A
joining of two equal clauses
13
Q
subordination
A
joining of two clauses giving one more weight
14
Q
active voice
A
the agent responsible for carrying out the verb is placed in the subject position of the sentence
15
Q
passive voice
A
the entity affected by the verb is placed in the subject position of the sentence
16
Q
orthographic sentence
A
a sentence that contains not verb
17
Q
morphology
A
the study of the internal structure of words
18
Q
pragmatics
A
the study of how context affects meaning
19
Q
morpheme
A
the smallest unit of a word
20
Q
root
A
a morpheme that can stand by itself
21
Q
suffix
A
an affix that can be added to the end of a root
22
Q
prefix
A
an affix that can be added to the beginning of a root
23
Q
inflectional function
A
when an affix is added for a grammatical purpose such as showing tense or plurality
24
Q
derivational function
A
when the affix is added to form a new word
25
collocates
words that typically appear in pairs together
26
material verb
show actions or events
| e.g. jump
27
relational verb
identify properties or show states of being
| e.g. become
28
mental verb
show internal process
| e,g, think, believe
29
verbal verb
show way of speaking
| e.g. scream
30
personal pronouns
refer to people
| e.g. i, you, she, us
31
demonstrative pronouns
orient the reader to a person, object or idea
| e.g. this, these, that
32
indefinite pronouns
refer the reader to a person, object or idea thatis non-specific
e.g. someone, anybody, everything
33
articles
show that something is either definite or indefinite
the - definite
a - indefinite
34
possessives
show ownership
| e.g. my, hers
35
quantifiers
show either specific or non-specific quantities of a noun
one, two - specific
some, any, a few - non-specific
36
euphemism
a nicer way of saying something, metaphor
37
dysphemism
a rude way of saying something
38
antonym
a word with an opposite meaning
39
preposition
shows the position of the noun in space and time
40
synonym
a word with the same meaning
41
interrogative
a sentence that asks a question
42
declarative
a sentence that makes a statement
43
imperative
a sentence that gives instructions
44
exclamatory
a sentence that uses an exclamation mark
45
monosyllabic
a word containing one syllable
46
polysyllabic
a word containing more than one syllable
47
internation
the flow of words
48
received pronunciation
standard, southern English
49
embodied knowledge
personal experiences that leads to individual knowledge
50
denotation
what you are actually saying
51
connotation
what you are implying
52
graphology
study of everything on the page
53
iconic sign
a sign or image that is a direct picture of the thing it represents
54
symbolic sign
a sign or image where an associated meaning is drawn from some shared degree of knowledge
55
typographical feature
a feature related to the use of fonts in texts
56
prosodic features
features of non-verbal communication
57
prosody
non verbal communication
58
phonology
the study of sounds
59
phoneme
the smallest unit of sound
60
isoglass
a geographical feature that affects language
61
face
the image of ourselves we present through language
62
face threatening act
if something is done that challenges or rejects another face
63
cooperative principle
the general principle that people work together to communicate
64
schema
a bundle of knowledge about a concept person or event
65
dipthong
a sound formed by two vowel sounds
66
deixis
words that only make sense in a certain context
67
implicature
when meaning must be inferred by some shared knowledge
68
coda
signaling that the story is over
69
phatic communication
small talk, devoid of serious content
70
interrupted constructions
one construction is abandoned in favor of another
| e.g. it think you could have - you should have told me
71
disjointed constructions
not found in writing
| e.g. he knows about computers - how to fix them
72
incomplete constructions
words or grammatical elements are missing
| e.g. seen Tom recently? (as oppose to have you seen Tom recently?)
73
story preface
a signal that the speaker wants to tell a story and is inviting others to listen
74
story solicit
a response from someone else that they want to listen to the story
75
preliminary to the story
background information to the story
76
story action
main action of the narrative
77
story climax
the conclusion/resolution of the story
78
story appreciation
signals from the audience that communicate their responses to the narrative. this might be at several parts of the story
79
internal evaluation
an expression of attitude towards the events in a narrative that occur in the same time frame as the main action
80
external evaluation
an expression of attitude where the speaker 'stands back' from the main action
81
synthetic personalisation
theory by Norman Fairclough about the simulation of face to face personal discourse
82
what does Fishman state tag questions imply
power to the speaker
83
hegemony
how one social group can use language to get other people to accept its way of seeing the world a natural
84
pejorative term
a judgmental term that usually implies disapproval or criticism
85
reappropriation
reclaiming a word or phrase that has come to mean something insulting and using it as if it is normal or even complimentary
86
who came up with the face theory
Goffman
87
who came up with the power types
| e.g. instrumental, influential, political
Wearing
88
who came up with the communication accommodation theory
| e.g. convergence, divergence
Giles
89
who is attributed to both verbal hygiene and the concept that people conform to gender stereotypes
Cameron
90
who came up with the difference theory for male and female language
Tannen
91
plural marking
the process of making a singular noun into its plural form by adding a suffix
92
unmarked plurality
when a singular form of a noun is used rather than the plural e.g. there's only two mile to go
93
pre-verbal stage
period of experimentation with sounds and noises but no actual words formed yet
94
cooing
noises distinct from crying but with no recognizable vowels or consonants
95
babbling
vocal play. involves forming vowels and consonants
96
reduplicated babbling
repeated sounds e.g. babababa
97
variegated babbling
differant sounds put together e.g. balahoobe
98
holophrastic stage
the point in a child's language development where they are able to use only individual words to communicate
99
CDS
child directed speech. a specific, often simplified, way of speaking used to communicate with children who are developing language
100
conventions of CDS
```
mitigated imperatives
higher or melodic pitch
slower or clearer speech
grammatically simpler sentences
diminutives
recasts
politeness
```
101
IRF
initiation response feedback
102
who came up with IRF
Sinclair and Coulthard
103
virtuous error
attempt too apply a language rule. could be arguged as proof of universal grammar. e.g. "i runned"
104
two word
two different words can be used together
105
telegraphic
connective language is introduced e.g. apple I have
106
post telegraphic
complete language
107
more knowledgeable other
the care giver or other person speaking to the child who has more knowledge
108
zone of proximal development
zone just outside of what a child is capable of. growth happens here, requires a more knowledgeable other
109
scaffolding
the technique of providing examples of language use for the child to build off of
110
operant conditioning
method of learning that associates action with outcome, positive or negative
111
inkhorn terms
foreign borrowing into English considered unnecessary or overly pretentious
112
neosemy
process of developing a new meaning for an existing word
113
synchronic change
study of language change at particular moment in time
114
stative verb
a verb describing a state of being
| e.g. to seem or to belive
115
lingua franca
English used as a contact language between speakers of differant first languages
116
prosody
the study of stress and intonation in language
