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English A Level > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

what are Grice’s 4 conversational maxims

A

maxim of quantity
maxim of quality
maxim of relevance
maxim of manner

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2
Q

convergence

A

changing your speech to fit in

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3
Q

divergence

A

changing your speech to stand out

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4
Q

descriptive

A

the approach that focuses on how language is actually used

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5
Q

prescriptive

A

the approach that focuses on the rules of language

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6
Q

noun phrase

A

a group of words built around a noun

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7
Q

pre-modifier

A

a word that goes before the noun to add detail about it

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8
Q

post-modifier

A

a word that goes after the noun to add detail about it

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9
Q

qualifier

A

an additional word or phrase that clarifies the position of the noun in space and time

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10
Q

primary auxiliary verb

A

joins with the main verb to show tense

e.g. had

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11
Q

modal auxiliary verb

A

joins with the main verb to show a degree of commitment

e.g. must

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12
Q

coordination

A

joining of two equal clauses

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13
Q

subordination

A

joining of two clauses giving one more weight

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14
Q

active voice

A

the agent responsible for carrying out the verb is placed in the subject position of the sentence

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15
Q

passive voice

A

the entity affected by the verb is placed in the subject position of the sentence

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16
Q

orthographic sentence

A

a sentence that contains not verb

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17
Q

morphology

A

the study of the internal structure of words

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18
Q

pragmatics

A

the study of how context affects meaning

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19
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit of a word

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20
Q

root

A

a morpheme that can stand by itself

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21
Q

suffix

A

an affix that can be added to the end of a root

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22
Q

prefix

A

an affix that can be added to the beginning of a root

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23
Q

inflectional function

A

when an affix is added for a grammatical purpose such as showing tense or plurality

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24
Q

derivational function

A

when the affix is added to form a new word

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25
Q

collocates

A

words that typically appear in pairs together

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26
Q

material verb

A

show actions or events

e.g. jump

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27
Q

relational verb

A

identify properties or show states of being

e.g. become

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28
Q

mental verb

A

show internal process

e,g, think, believe

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29
Q

verbal verb

A

show way of speaking

e.g. scream

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30
Q

personal pronouns

A

refer to people

e.g. i, you, she, us

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31
Q

demonstrative pronouns

A

orient the reader to a person, object or idea

e.g. this, these, that

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32
Q

indefinite pronouns

A

refer the reader to a person, object or idea thatis non-specific
e.g. someone, anybody, everything

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33
Q

articles

A

show that something is either definite or indefinite
the - definite
a - indefinite

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34
Q

possessives

A

show ownership

e.g. my, hers

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35
Q

quantifiers

A

show either specific or non-specific quantities of a noun
one, two - specific
some, any, a few - non-specific

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36
Q

euphemism

A

a nicer way of saying something, metaphor

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37
Q

dysphemism

A

a rude way of saying something

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38
Q

antonym

A

a word with an opposite meaning

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39
Q

preposition

A

shows the position of the noun in space and time

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40
Q

synonym

A

a word with the same meaning

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41
Q

interrogative

A

a sentence that asks a question

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42
Q

declarative

A

a sentence that makes a statement

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43
Q

imperative

A

a sentence that gives instructions

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44
Q

exclamatory

A

a sentence that uses an exclamation mark

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45
Q

monosyllabic

A

a word containing one syllable

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46
Q

polysyllabic

A

a word containing more than one syllable

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47
Q

internation

A

the flow of words

48
Q

received pronunciation

A

standard, southern English

49
Q

embodied knowledge

A

personal experiences that leads to individual knowledge

50
Q

denotation

A

what you are actually saying

51
Q

connotation

A

what you are implying

52
Q

graphology

A

study of everything on the page

53
Q

iconic sign

A

a sign or image that is a direct picture of the thing it represents

54
Q

symbolic sign

A

a sign or image where an associated meaning is drawn from some shared degree of knowledge

55
Q

typographical feature

A

a feature related to the use of fonts in texts

56
Q

prosodic features

A

features of non-verbal communication

57
Q

prosody

A

non verbal communication

58
Q

phonology

A

the study of sounds

59
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound

60
Q

isoglass

A

a geographical feature that affects language

61
Q

face

A

the image of ourselves we present through language

62
Q

face threatening act

A

if something is done that challenges or rejects another face

63
Q

cooperative principle

A

the general principle that people work together to communicate

64
Q

schema

A

a bundle of knowledge about a concept person or event

65
Q

dipthong

A

a sound formed by two vowel sounds

66
Q

deixis

A

words that only make sense in a certain context

67
Q

implicature

A

when meaning must be inferred by some shared knowledge

68
Q

coda

A

signaling that the story is over

69
Q

phatic communication

A

small talk, devoid of serious content

70
Q

interrupted constructions

A

one construction is abandoned in favor of another

e.g. it think you could have - you should have told me

71
Q

disjointed constructions

A

not found in writing

e.g. he knows about computers - how to fix them

72
Q

incomplete constructions

A

words or grammatical elements are missing

e.g. seen Tom recently? (as oppose to have you seen Tom recently?)

73
Q

story preface

A

a signal that the speaker wants to tell a story and is inviting others to listen

74
Q

story solicit

A

a response from someone else that they want to listen to the story

75
Q

preliminary to the story

A

background information to the story

76
Q

story action

A

main action of the narrative

77
Q

story climax

A

the conclusion/resolution of the story

78
Q

story appreciation

A

signals from the audience that communicate their responses to the narrative. this might be at several parts of the story

79
Q

internal evaluation

A

an expression of attitude towards the events in a narrative that occur in the same time frame as the main action

80
Q

external evaluation

A

an expression of attitude where the speaker ‘stands back’ from the main action

81
Q

synthetic personalisation

A

theory by Norman Fairclough about the simulation of face to face personal discourse

82
Q

what does Fishman state tag questions imply

A

power to the speaker

83
Q

hegemony

A

how one social group can use language to get other people to accept its way of seeing the world a natural

84
Q

pejorative term

A

a judgmental term that usually implies disapproval or criticism

85
Q

reappropriation

A

reclaiming a word or phrase that has come to mean something insulting and using it as if it is normal or even complimentary

86
Q

who came up with the face theory

A

Goffman

87
Q

who came up with the power types

e.g. instrumental, influential, political

A

Wearing

88
Q

who came up with the communication accommodation theory

e.g. convergence, divergence

A

Giles

89
Q

who is attributed to both verbal hygiene and the concept that people conform to gender stereotypes

A

Cameron

90
Q

who came up with the difference theory for male and female language

A

Tannen

91
Q

plural marking

A

the process of making a singular noun into its plural form by adding a suffix

92
Q

unmarked plurality

A

when a singular form of a noun is used rather than the plural e.g. there’s only two mile to go

93
Q

pre-verbal stage

A

period of experimentation with sounds and noises but no actual words formed yet

94
Q

cooing

A

noises distinct from crying but with no recognizable vowels or consonants

95
Q

babbling

A

vocal play. involves forming vowels and consonants

96
Q

reduplicated babbling

A

repeated sounds e.g. babababa

97
Q

variegated babbling

A

differant sounds put together e.g. balahoobe

98
Q

holophrastic stage

A

the point in a child’s language development where they are able to use only individual words to communicate

99
Q

CDS

A

child directed speech. a specific, often simplified, way of speaking used to communicate with children who are developing language

100
Q

conventions of CDS

A 
mitigated imperatives 
higher or melodic pitch
slower or clearer speech
grammatically simpler sentences 
diminutives  
recasts
politeness
101
Q

IRF

A

initiation response feedback

102
Q

who came up with IRF

A

Sinclair and Coulthard

103
Q

virtuous error

A

attempt too apply a language rule. could be arguged as proof of universal grammar. e.g. “i runned”

104
Q

two word

A

two different words can be used together

105
Q

telegraphic

A

connective language is introduced e.g. apple I have

106
Q

post telegraphic

A

complete language

107
Q

more knowledgeable other

A

the care giver or other person speaking to the child who has more knowledge

108
Q

zone of proximal development

A

zone just outside of what a child is capable of. growth happens here, requires a more knowledgeable other

109
Q

scaffolding

A

the technique of providing examples of language use for the child to build off of

110
Q

operant conditioning

A

method of learning that associates action with outcome, positive or negative

111
Q

inkhorn terms

A

foreign borrowing into English considered unnecessary or overly pretentious

112
Q

neosemy

A

process of developing a new meaning for an existing word

113
Q

synchronic change

A

study of language change at particular moment in time

114
Q

stative verb

A

a verb describing a state of being

e.g. to seem or to belive

115
Q

lingua franca

A

English used as a contact language between speakers of differant first languages

116
Q

prosody

A

the study of stress and intonation in language

English A Level (7 decks)

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