Theorists

Question 1

Bühler

Answer 1

Spractheorie/Organon Model: A sound can only qualify as a linguistic sign if a three-fold relationship exists connecting the sound to sender, a receiver and an object that is being referred to.

Question 2

Shannon and Weaver

Answer 2

Signal transmitted differed to that received due to interference (noise), the signal is decoded differently depending on the individual.

Question 3

Jakobson

Answer 3

Distinguishes 6 elements or factors for communication to take place and their functions: 
•	Addresser – emotive/expressive
•	Addressee – conative/directive
•	Context – referential / informative
•	Contact – Phatic
•	Code – metalingual
Message – Poetic/Aesthetic

Question 4

Halliday

Answer 4

7 functions of language: Instrumental, Regulatory, Interactional, Personal, Representational, Heuristic, Imaginative.

Question 5

David Crystal

Answer 5

Factors involved in context: Setting, Participants, Activity

Constrains on language as a result: Channel, Code, Message form, Subject matter.

Question 6

Randolph Quirk et al

Answer 6

“five-term distinction” to categorise linguistic varieties:

Very formal – formal – neutral – informal – Very informal

Question 7

Michael Foucault

Answer 7

Discusses how knowledge is obtained and circulated, the process is historically and culturally specific. All forms of structuring knowledge are connected with issues of power.

Question 8

Pierre Bourdieu

Answer 8

Developed a concept known as Habitus to describe a social property of individuals that orients human behaviour without strictly determining it. Patterns that are enduring and transferrable from one context to another, but that also shift in relation to specific contexts and over time.

Question 9

Robin Lakoff

Answer 9

Language reflect society. Dominance theory. Male patriarchal order; differences between men and women.

Question 10

John Searl

Answer 10

Force, Meaning and Mind.

Question 11

Derrida

Answer 11

Focuses on the relation between speech and writing and the ways in which speech and writing develop as form of language. Sees writing as an independent communication system, distinct from speech. Neither seen as more important because they occur through an interplay.

Question 12

Dale Spender

Answer 12

Man Made Language, a form of control – language controls reality.

Question 13

West & zimmerman

Answer 13

Men: talk more, interrupt, territorial, controlling