Theorists Flashcards
Who suggested the behavioural approach?
Skinner
BEHAVIOURAL
What is reinforcement?
Making an action more likely
BEHAVIOURAL
What is negative reinforcement?
A required behaviour learnt by the release or escape from an unpleasant stimulus
BEHAVIOURAL
What is positive reinforcement?
A required behaviour is followed by something the individual finds rewarding
BEHAVIOURAL
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Behaviour - Making the bed
Consequence - Praise
BEHAVIOURAL
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Behaviour - Making the bed
Consequence - Nagging stops
Who suggested social learning theory?
Bandura
SLT
Imitation is more likely if the model is _________ or _________.
- Similar
- Important
SLT
Behaviour is more likely to be copied if it is…
- Rewarded
- Noticeable
- Easily copied
SLT
What was Bandura’s study called?
The Bobo Doll experiment
SLT
Imitators behaviour is decreased if ________ is observed
Punishment
SLT
Children with low _________ are likely to copy others
Self-esteem
Who suggested the constructivist approach?
Piaget
Who suggested the humanist approach?
Maslow
HUMANIST
How does someone work up the pyramid of needs?
Lower levels must be satisfied (basic needs) before progressing to higher needs. The aim is to reach self-actualisation
HUMANIST
What are physiological needs?
food, warmth, shelter, sex
HUMANIST
What are safety needs?
Physical and emotional freedom from threat
HUMANIST
What are love/belonging needs?
Social inclusion and the attachment of others
HUMANIST
What are esteem needs?
Respect and secure sense of self/self concept
HUMANIST
What is self-actualisation?
Becoming needs
Who suggested the biological approach?
Eysenck
HUMANIST
What are the 5 needs on the pyramid?
Physiological needs Safety needs Love/belonging needs Esteem needs Self-actualisation
BIOLOGICAL
What are Eysenck’s two basic personality groups?
- Extroversion vs introversion
- Stability vs instability
BIOLOGICAL
What are Eysenck’s big 5?
- Extraversion/introversion
- Agreeableness/antagonism
- Conscientiousness/undirectness
- Stability/instability
- Openness to experience/conforming
BIOLOGICAL
What does extraversion/introversion mean?
Talkative, sociable, adventurous VS reticent, turned inward
BIOLOGICAL
What does agreeableness/antagonism mean?
Good natured, cooperative, likeable VS hostile, spiteful
BIOLOGICAL
What does conscientiousness/undirectness mean?
Responsible, neat, task motivated VS disorganised
BIOLOGICAL
What does stability/instability mean?
Calm, poised, composed VS uncertain, insecure
BIOLOGICAL
What does openness to experience/conforming mean?
Flexible, original, independent, creative, daring VS rigid, conventional conforming, non-creative, timid
BIOLOGICAL
How do you test what personality traits someone has?
Via a personality test
Who suggested the psychodynamic approach?
Freud
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens at the oral stage?
Focused on oral pleasures such as sucking, too much or too little can lead to fixation
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens if someone becomes fixated at the oral stage?
Can become passive or gullible, can pick up oral habits such as smoking, overeating or drinking
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens at the anal stage?
Eliminating and retaining faeces. Child has to learn to potty train, strict/unstrict can lead to fixation.
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens if you become fixated at the anal stage?
Can become stubborn, mean, obsessed with tidiness, organised or the opposite
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens at the phallic stage?
Pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Unconscious sexual desires for their mother, rivals with father, known as the oedipus complex.
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens if someone becomes fixated at the phallic stage?
Can become reckless, risk taking, obsessed with sexual activity or timid, avoiding reference to sexuality
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens at the latency stage?
Sexual urges remain repressed and children interact with same sex peers
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What happens in the genital stage?
Sexual urges awaken, direct these urges onto opposite sex
PSYCHODYNAMIC
Emotion and behaviour are directly driven by the…
id, ego and superego
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What does the id do?
The ‘i want’ demands. Seeks to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. Egocentric, self seeking and selfish. The nature part of us.
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What does the ego do?
Acts as the ‘reality principle’ where the conscious thought takes place through the demand of the external world
PSYCHODYNAMIC
What does the superego do?
Contains rules and restrictions, morality principle. Comfortmist and self-denying.
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What happens at the sensori-motor stage?
Age 0-2 years
Coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands. Object permanence developed
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What happens at the preoperational stage?
Age 2-7 years
Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts. Imagination is strong, but complex abstract thoughts are difficult. Conservation developed
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What happens at the concrete operational stage?
Age 7-11 years
Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as individual concepts
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What happens are the formal operations stage?
Age 11+
Theoretical and hypothetical thinking. Abstract knowledge, logic and reasoning. Concepts learnt in one context and can be applied to another
CONSTRUCTIVIST
Jean Piaget viewed intellectual growth as a process of adaption to the world. This happens through ___________, _____________ and _____________
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What is assimilation?
Using an existing schema to deal with the new object or situation
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What is accomodation?
Happens when an existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation
CONSTRUCTIVIST
What is equilibration?
A balance between assimilation and accommodation
