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Health and Social Care A2 (Izzy) > Theorists > Flashcards

Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

Who suggested the behavioural approach?

A

Skinner

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2
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is reinforcement?

A

Making an action more likely

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3
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is negative reinforcement?

A

A required behaviour learnt by the release or escape from an unpleasant stimulus

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4
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A required behaviour is followed by something the individual finds rewarding

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5
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

Behaviour - Making the bed

Consequence - Praise

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6
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

A

Behaviour - Making the bed

Consequence - Nagging stops

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7
Q

Who suggested social learning theory?

A

Bandura

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8
Q

SLT

Imitation is more likely if the model is _________ or _________.

A
  • Similar

- Important

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9
Q

SLT

Behaviour is more likely to be copied if it is…

A
  • Rewarded
  • Noticeable
  • Easily copied
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10
Q

SLT

What was Bandura’s study called?

A

The Bobo Doll experiment

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11
Q

SLT

Imitators behaviour is decreased if ________ is observed

A

Punishment

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12
Q

SLT

Children with low _________ are likely to copy others

A

Self-esteem

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13
Q

Who suggested the constructivist approach?

A

Piaget

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14
Q

Who suggested the humanist approach?

A

Maslow

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15
Q

HUMANIST

How does someone work up the pyramid of needs?

A

Lower levels must be satisfied (basic needs) before progressing to higher needs. The aim is to reach self-actualisation

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16
Q

HUMANIST

What are physiological needs?

A

food, warmth, shelter, sex

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17
Q

HUMANIST

What are safety needs?

A

Physical and emotional freedom from threat

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18
Q

HUMANIST

What are love/belonging needs?

A

Social inclusion and the attachment of others

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19
Q

HUMANIST

What are esteem needs?

A

Respect and secure sense of self/self concept

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20
Q

HUMANIST

What is self-actualisation?

A

Becoming needs

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21
Q

Who suggested the biological approach?

A

Eysenck

22
Q

HUMANIST

What are the 5 needs on the pyramid?

A 
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love/belonging needs
Esteem needs
Self-actualisation
23
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What are Eysenck’s two basic personality groups?

A
  • Extroversion vs introversion

- Stability vs instability

24
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What are Eysenck’s big 5?

A
  1. Extraversion/introversion
  2. Agreeableness/antagonism
  3. Conscientiousness/undirectness
  4. Stability/instability
  5. Openness to experience/conforming
25
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What does extraversion/introversion mean?

A

Talkative, sociable, adventurous VS reticent, turned inward

26
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What does agreeableness/antagonism mean?

A

Good natured, cooperative, likeable VS hostile, spiteful

27
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What does conscientiousness/undirectness mean?

A

Responsible, neat, task motivated VS disorganised

28
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What does stability/instability mean?

A

Calm, poised, composed VS uncertain, insecure

29
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What does openness to experience/conforming mean?

A

Flexible, original, independent, creative, daring VS rigid, conventional conforming, non-creative, timid

30
Q

BIOLOGICAL

How do you test what personality traits someone has?

A

Via a personality test

31
Q

Who suggested the psychodynamic approach?

A

Freud

32
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
33
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens at the oral stage?

A

Focused on oral pleasures such as sucking, too much or too little can lead to fixation

34
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens if someone becomes fixated at the oral stage?

A

Can become passive or gullible, can pick up oral habits such as smoking, overeating or drinking

35
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens at the anal stage?

A

Eliminating and retaining faeces. Child has to learn to potty train, strict/unstrict can lead to fixation.

36
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens if you become fixated at the anal stage?

A

Can become stubborn, mean, obsessed with tidiness, organised or the opposite

37
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens at the phallic stage?

A

Pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Unconscious sexual desires for their mother, rivals with father, known as the oedipus complex.

38
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens if someone becomes fixated at the phallic stage?

A

Can become reckless, risk taking, obsessed with sexual activity or timid, avoiding reference to sexuality

39
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens at the latency stage?

A

Sexual urges remain repressed and children interact with same sex peers

40
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What happens in the genital stage?

A

Sexual urges awaken, direct these urges onto opposite sex

41
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

Emotion and behaviour are directly driven by the…

A

id, ego and superego

42
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What does the id do?

A

The ‘i want’ demands. Seeks to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. Egocentric, self seeking and selfish. The nature part of us.

43
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What does the ego do?

A

Acts as the ‘reality principle’ where the conscious thought takes place through the demand of the external world

44
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC

What does the superego do?

A

Contains rules and restrictions, morality principle. Comfortmist and self-denying.

45
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What happens at the sensori-motor stage?

A

Age 0-2 years
Coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands. Object permanence developed

46
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What happens at the preoperational stage?

A

Age 2-7 years
Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts. Imagination is strong, but complex abstract thoughts are difficult. Conservation developed

47
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What happens at the concrete operational stage?

A

Age 7-11 years
Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as individual concepts

48
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What happens are the formal operations stage?

A

Age 11+
Theoretical and hypothetical thinking. Abstract knowledge, logic and reasoning. Concepts learnt in one context and can be applied to another

49
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

Jean Piaget viewed intellectual growth as a process of adaption to the world. This happens through ___________, _____________ and _____________

A

Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration

50
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What is assimilation?

A

Using an existing schema to deal with the new object or situation

51
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What is accomodation?

A

Happens when an existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation

52
Q

CONSTRUCTIVIST

What is equilibration?

A

A balance between assimilation and accommodation

Health and Social Care A2 (Izzy) (6 decks)

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