Theorists Flashcards
Norman Fairclough
Linguist -
developed definition of Synthetic Personalisation
The simulation of speech / writing within public media
Eving Groffman - Face Theory
face = the image of ourselves we present when we speak
maintaining face = emotional attachment to the face we maintain. disrupting this ( losing face ) results in the loss of internal emotional support that protects us in social settings
In order to save-fave, one must be socially perceptive.
Labov 1963
investigated phonetic variations among speakers of different age. wanted to establish link between language and social class.
finding=
- lower middle class speakers are more conscious of their speech to make a good impression ( hypercorrection )
- tendancy for speakers to increase prestige pronounciation in situations.
Peter Trudgill 1968
adopted labovs methology in Norwich.
Focused on working/middle class speakers stratified by age, gender and class
findings=
- lower class scales drop ‘g’
- all classes increase ‘g’ in formal situations
- confirmed people are conscious of their speech
Malcolm Petyt 1985
found close relationship between ‘h’ dropping + social class
findings=
- concluded as people more up social class structure modify speech towards recieved pronunciation.
I not me
Basil Bernstein
Study on the way classes work
elaborated code- upper class and formal
restricted code- informal and working class
Lesley Milroy 1980s
described idea of social network as a ‘web of ties’
social network- group of people who regularly interact with eachother
investigated catholic, 2 protestant communities.
findings=
- high network strength correlated non standard pronunciation
- gender have impact
Jennifer Cheshire 1980s
focused kn 2 groups of girls with different social attitudes and values
findings=
- both groups had significantly used non-standardised language.
- social attitudes and peer group culture plays a part
Trudgill amd Giles
study to experience the difference between ‘ugly’ and ‘beautiful’ accents
harsher and prominent accents seen ‘ugly’
most pleasant accents being easier to understand are ‘beautiful’
Sebba 1993
London Jamaican language
largest group of immigrants in london were jamaican whoch influenced alot of people
Hewitt 1986
inter-racial friendships + communications among adolescents
two varieties between speakers in london
Creole= ethnic groups
MLE= ‘london jamaican’
Rampton 1998
crossing + 2004 spread
indicated MLE spread through friends (2004)
(1998) developed language crossing; speakers use small aspects of language they cant claim
this blurs ethnic boundaries brings speakers together
Cheshire et al 2011
contact, the feature pool and speech community
with the increase of ww2 immigration, immigrants lived separate from native speakers
resulting in immigrants learning english in their own way “group second language acquisition”
process is the origin to MLE
