THEORISTS

Question 1

Martha’s Vineyard

Answer 1

Downward convergence, covert prestige, resistance identity, linguistic accommodation

Question 2

Labov rhotic R

Answer 2

Overt prestige & social stratification

Question 3

George Bernard Shaw

Answer 3

An Englishman can’t open his mouth without making another Englishman hate him

Question 4

Workman

Answer 4

Accent linked 2 intelligence
RP > Yorkshire > silence > Brummie

Question 5

Tim Westwood

Answer 5

Appropriation vs covert prestige, how a hiphop dj is “supposed” 2 sound

Question 6

Bernstein

Answer 6

Coined code switching but said lower classes couldn’t do it

Question 7

Milroy

Answer 7

Social networking - surveyed WC communities in Ireland & found that code switched based on network density (friendship level basically)

Question 8

H.C. Wyld

Answer 8

Non-standard accents & dialects are “quaint, eccentric & unworthy of further study”

Question 9

Crystal

Answer 9

Barely anyone acc speaks SE

Question 10

McKlendon

Answer 10

AAVE is “the sweet language” but also teachers don’t wanna be racist & correct it so African American students do worse in lit tests

Question 11

Rosen & Johns

Answer 11

Rosen - everyone is capable of being “bi-dialectal”
Johns - no they aren’t they need social mobility

Question 12

Fishman etal

Answer 12

Dominance model - women do shit work eg ask more questions & talk more (although the experiment was male dominated itself)

Question 13

Lakoff

Answer 13

Deficit model - women hedge more & lack a sense of humour

Question 14

Tanen

Answer 14

Difference model - men & women interpret language differently eg coffee

Question 15

Maltz & Borker

Answer 15

Difference model - boys r socialised 2 take turns exchanging information & girls r socialised 2 be sympathetic

Question 16

Stanley

Answer 16

Male as norm syndrome - MANkind etc

Question 17

What would Stanley say abt the term “family woman”

Answer 17

It’s tautologous as woman is semantically linked 2 family

Question 18

Atherton

Answer 18

Code-switching - a family that doesn’t have its own language must be a very sad family

Question 19

Nelson

Answer 19

Corpus study - surveyed business emails & found little talk of families, hobbies, the weekend, happiness, etc

Question 20

Kosher

Answer 20

Photic talk builds solidarity in discourse communities