Theorists

Question 1

Baudrillard 1993

Answer 1

Society has become so saturated with simulacra that everything is a representation of a representation thanks to technology

Question 2

Alvarado

Answer 2

Exotic - othered race
Humorous - race used as comedy
Dangerous - dangerous minorities
Pitied - meagre minority groups and sympathy

Question 3

Butler

Answer 3

Gender is performative and when ritualised it separates from a single act.
To some extent sex is socially constructed

Question 4

Gilroy

Answer 4

Civilisation constructs racial hierarchies and sets up binary opposition based on the notion of otherness.

Echoes of colonialism still relevant today

Question 5

Curran & Seaton

Answer 5

Media is owned by a small number of conglomerates which are primarily driven by profit and power

Media concentration limits variety and creative quality.

Question 6

Livingstone & Lunt

Answer 6

Regulation is instrumental in providing Increasing power of conglomerate dominations leads regulation to become more harder to control

Question 7

Hesmondhalgh

Answer 7

Cultural industries attempt to maximise their profit while minimising risk

Question 8

Neale

Answer 8

Audiences enjoy texts because of repetition and difference in genre.

Genre is not static, it is fluid and ever-changing

Question 9

Jenkins

Answer 9

The notion that media audiences are sophisticated in creating their own media.

They do this via fanfic, fanart etc

Question 10

Levi Strauss

Answer 10

Structuralist theory
Binary opposition

Question 11

Todorov

Answer 11

Equilibrium, disruption, resolution, new equilibrium

Question 12

Propp

Answer 12

Hero, villain, dispatcher, donor, helper, prize

Question 13

Hall Reception

Answer 13

Audiences perceive media a certain way and there are 3 types of reading.

Preferred - accepts messages of product

Oppositional - reject messages of product

Negotiated - partially accept and partially reject messages of product

Question 14

Uses & Grat theory

Answer 14

Audiences use media for different reasons.

• personal identity (interpellation)
• entertainment
• information

Question 15

Van Zoonen

Answer 15

Viewing media through the eyes of a heterosexual male targeted by Laura Mulvey’s male gaze.

Question 16

Dyer Star theory

Answer 16

The truth is that all media stars have to convey the same opinions as the audience to to maximise profit and to reduce controversy and lacking audience numbers.

Question 17

Semiotics

Answer 17

Mis en scene,
Things done on purpose for the audience’s recognition.

Question 18

bell hooks

Answer 18

Intersectionality of race, gender, social class, and other prejudice, perpetuate the systems of oppression and class domination.

Intersectionality mean the understanding that everyone has unique experiences of oppression and discrimination.

Question 19

Gerbner

Answer 19

Cultivation theory

The high, dependence on media leads to extensive trust in it.

Leads to moral panic and reduce trust in other people

Question 20

Media effects

Answer 20

Bobo doll, experiment, 1961 to 1963.

Violent acts acting on a bobo, doll, in conclusion, violent acts in media make children violent.

Question 21

Clay Shirky

Answer 21

The truth that audiences and producers and the gap between them is getting smaller.

Audiences are now challenging the media. They consume instead of passively, watching and consuming it.

Audiences are becoming active in the modern day.