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Child Development > Theorists > Flashcards

Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the theory of a language acquisition device?

A

Noam Chomsky

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2
Q

What did B.F Skinner propose?

A

Operant conditioning and reinforcement.

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3
Q

Which theory did Jean Piaget propose?

A

The cognitive theory

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4
Q

Who proposed social constructivism?

A

Lev Vygotsky

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cognitive theory?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete - Operational
  4. Formal - Operations
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6
Q

What ages is Formal - Operations?

A

12+ years

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7
Q

What ages is concrete - operational?

A

7-11 years

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8
Q

What ages is sensorimotor?

A

0-2 years

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9
Q

What ages is pre - operational?

A

2-7 years

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10
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

A baby and toddlers knowledge and understanding comes from physical experiences and led by their senses. They become aware of object permanence but remain egocentric.

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11
Q

What is pre - operational?

A

Children use the environment to their advantage and represent objects by words (calling things by their name) which supports play with ideas. Logic is created with incomplete knowledge - “ its windy because the tree made it”.

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12
Q

What is concrete operational?

A

Logical thought is developed. The child will group objects and experience through category, experiences or similarity. Logic is only applied to things that can be seen or are tangible.

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13
Q

What is tangible?

A

A physical thing

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14
Q

What is formal - operations?

A

Includes ordered thinking and mastery of logical thought, children can manipulate abstract ideas - letters, sounds, numbers, etc. Children can make hypotheses and see the implications of their thinking. They start to understand the thoughts of others and feel sympathy / empathy.

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15
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Failing to see something from another persons perspective. They think they are right and everyone else is wrong.

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16
Q

What is object permenance?

A

If you cannot see it, it doesn’t exist.

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17
Q

What is Jean Piagets schema theory?

A

Piaget beloved that children make the best progress by being involved with their learning and being able to link their knowledge with pre existing knowledge and skills. He then felt that as we get older we are able to adapt our skills depending on the situation or need.

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18
Q

What are the 8 schemas?

A
  1. Trajectory
  2. Orientation
  3. Enveloping
  4. Positioning
  5. Enclosure
  6. Transporting
  7. Rotation
  8. Transformation
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19
Q

What is trajectory?

A

Throwing and dropping objects

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20
Q

What is transformation?

A

Mixing things like sand, water and dough

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21
Q

What is positioning?

A

Lining objects up according to size, shape or colour

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22
Q

What is orientation?

A

Climbing and elevating the viewpoint

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23
Q

What is enveloping?

A

Hiding either in or under objects

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24
Q

What is enclosure?

A

Collecting and creating boundaries

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25
Q

What is transporting?

A

Using bags, packets or hands to move objects

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26
Q

What is rotation?

A

Spinning and turning objects or themselves

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27
Q

What are some criticisms of Jean Piaget?

A
  • He may have been biased to his own children.
  • He didn’t give a way to teach children anything just ideas.
  • Many feel he underestimated children.
28
Q

What are the 3 stages Jean Piaget proposed with learning?

A
  1. Mastery play - Have control
  2. Symbolic play - Language and symbols
  3. Play with rules - Making rules and breaking them
29
Q

What is the constructivist approach?

A

A model to explain children’s cognitive development which considers that children develop their own ideas based on experiences and interactions.

30
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The gap between what a child is currently able to do (zone of actual development) and what they might be able to achieve is an adult provides additional support.

31
Q

What did Vygotsky think about language?

A

That there were 2 functions of language.

  • External speech: Used in front of others.
  • Internal speech: In our heads, thinking.
32
Q

Who came up with the social learning theory?

A

Bandura

33
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Children learn through watching/observing others and by being conditioned. Children learn through watching other people rather than being shown how to do something. This means children often learn behaviors that people are unaware of (language, mannerisms etc).

34
Q

What 6 elements did Bandura suggest there needed to be in a child’s development in order for them to be able to watch others and learn?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Encoding and retrieving information
  3. Opportunity to reproduce actions
  4. Physical skill
  5. Motivation
  6. Self efficacy and empowerment
35
Q

What was Bandura’s experiment called?

A

The Bobo doll experiment

36
Q

What was the bobo doll experiment?

A

3 films were shown to three groups of children and each film showed an adult with different behaviours towards the bobo doll. After the film ,each individual child was taken into a playroom which included a variety of toys including a bobo doll. The children’s reactions were recorded, alongside which group they had come from.

37
Q

What were the 3 groups in the bobo doll experiment?

A

In group A, the children saw the adult acting violent and aggressive towards the doll.
In group B, the children watched the adult acting aggressively but at the end of the film the adult was given sweets and lemonade from another adult as a reward.
In group C, the children saw the adult being aggressive towards the bobo doll but at the end of the film a second adult came in and told the adult off for being aggressive.

38
Q

What were the results from the experiment?

A

Group C children were not the most aggressive towards the doll having witnessed the behaviour with a punishment meaning they were the least aggressive group. There was little difference between groups A and B, which suggested that the children were less influenced by the rewards than they were by the negative outcome from the adult. Out of all three groups, the children were asked to demonstrate how the doll had been attacked and then they were given a reward for giving the information. The results showed that there was little difference in how all of the children acted, this showed that they were all capable of copying/imitating behaviour despite any outcomes.

39
Q

What was Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

Children were being psychologically damaged because of the absence of their mothers

40
Q

What were the 5 features of Bowlbys theory?

A
  1. Monotropy: Bowlby believed that babies need to form a main attachment that is special and more important than any others made.
  2. Critical period: Bowlby also believed that between 0-4 a child having prolonged separation from their attachment figure will cause long term psychological damage.
  3. Children need parenting: Children need to have a main attachment in their early lives to give them consistent support.
  4. Maternal Deprivation: Children show distress when separated from their main attachment.
  5. Internal working model: provides children with expectations about themselves, how others behave and how they should behave because of them.
41
Q

What is attachment?

A

A strong feeling of being emotionally close to someone or something.

42
Q

What are the 3 stages of seperation anxiety?

A

Protest: Cry, struggle, try to escape and sometimes show anger.

Despair: May be withdrawn and sad or show comfort behaviours such as thumb sucking.

Detachment: Show interest in other activities, coping with separation and trust others to care for them.

43
Q

What are some criticisms of Bowlby?

A
  • The role of the mother is emphasised.
  • Attachments to more than one person was not explored.
  • The quality of the care was not taken into consideration.
44
Q

Who proposed the theory of the strange situation?

A

Mary Ainsworth

45
Q

What is the strange situation?

A

The ‘Strange Situation’ is broken up into 8 segments, each of which lasts for about 3 minutes. The infant (a 1-year-old) spends some time alone and some time with a stranger during the experiment:

  • Baby and parent enter the room
  • Baby is allowed to explore while the parent is still present.
  • Parent and baby are joined by a stranger
  • Parent exits the room
  • Parent returns, calms child, and stranger departs
  • Baby is left alone after parent leaves again.
  • Parent returns once more, and the stranger interacts with the child before departing.
46
Q

What are the three types of behaviour from the strange situation?

A

Type A - Insecure/anxious/avoidant
Type B - Secure
Type C - Insecure ambivalent/ resistant:

47
Q

What is Urie Broffenbrenner’s theory?

A

According to Bronfenbrenner, it is necessary to consider a child’s growth within the framework of the ecological system or the child’s total environment.

48
Q

What are the 5 rings associated with Urie Broffenbrenner’s theory?

A

1 - Microsystems - family and home.
2 - Mesosystems - the parent of the child might offer to volunteer at the school, or the swimming club might plan a picnic for the family.
3 - Exosystems - The typical illustration is a parent’s place of employment.
4 - Macrosystems - Outside of the child and their family and is out of their control.
5 - Chronosystem - background for the ‘history’ of the society and the child’s life.

49
Q

What is Skinners theory?

A

We all learn language mostly because our first tries at communicating as an infant are rewards and reinforced in different ways.

50
Q

What is selective reinforcement?

A

Only giving reinforcement at certain times when thought needed.

51
Q

What is a critisicm of Skinners theory?

A

Skinner’s theory does not explain why all babies and children follow the dame learning language pattern in the terms of a timeline (milestones).

52
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Is a learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment.

53
Q

How do negative reinforcemet and punishment differentiate?

A

Punishment is often confused with negative reinforcement. These are another type of reinforcers and are likely to prevent us from repeating the behavior. For example, we learned to stay away from electric fences when we received a shock, but we decided to carry stove drops to avoid burns.

54
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

A biologically important stimulus to an organism, such as food, water, sleep, shelter, safety, pleasure, and sex.

55
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Conditioned stimuli as money, grades or tokens for good behavior.

56
Q

What is Noam Chomskys theory?

A

All individuals have the ability to understand and use language, regardless of other abilities, and to become fluent in their first language by the age of five or six.

Chomsky states that individuals are born with a ’language acquisition device’ (LAD) that enables children to recognise and develop the languages they experience.

57
Q

What are some criticisms of Noam Chomsky?

A
  • Critics of Chomsky point out the lack of scientific evidence to support his theory. -
  • Social constructivists such as Bruner would argue that social interaction, particularly in the early stages of language development, is critical and has far more influence on children than Chomsky suggested.
    = Others argue that Chomsky put too much emphasis on the grammar in sentence structure rather than how children construct meaning from their sentences.
  • Chomsky did not take into consideration children who experience delayed language development for a variety of reasons, for example children who have a learning disability or hearing or speech impairments. Children with Down syndrome are among those whose language is frequently delayed.
58
Q

What is Jerome Bruner’s theory?

A
  1. Scaffolding - Refers to the steps taken to reduce the degrees of freedom in carrying out some task so that the child can concentrate on the difficult skill she is in the process of acquiring’. He was especially interested in the characteristics of people whom he considered to have achieved their potential as individuals.
  2. Learning modes
59
Q

What are the 3 learning modes?

A

Enactive (0-1)
Ionic (1-6)
Symbolic (7+)

60
Q

What is the enactive stage?

A

This mode involves encoding action based information for storage in our memory - e.g. an infant recalls shaking a rattle by developing ‘muscular memory’ of the task.

61
Q

What is the ionic stage?

A

This is the ability to store a mental picture ‘in the mind’s eye’. When learning a new topic, it can be helpful to use pictures and diagrams to support verbal explanations.

62
Q

What is the symbolic stage?

A

Mostly via the medium of language, information is stored using codes and symbols. For example ‘dog’ is a symbolic representation of a certain class of animals.

63
Q

Criticize Bruner

A

The obvious problem with applying scaffolding to the modern teaching environment is its lack of similarity with the one-to-one guidance of a parent.

64
Q

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs?

A

The importance of our physical needs in relation to the ability of humans to achieve things. His theory linked to motivation. Maslow suggested that until our basic needs are met we were not able to fulfil our personal potential.

65
Q

What is the order of needs from highest to lowest in Maslows hierarchy of needs?

A
  • Self actualization: The desire to become better.
  • Esteem: Respect, confidence, freedom, etc.
  • Love and belonging: Friends, family, partners, connections, bonds, etc.
  • Safety needs: Personal security, employment, etc.
  • Physiological needs: Basic needs like water, food, shelter, etc.
66
Q

Criticisms of Maslow…

A
  • His theory wasn’t even linked to child development, it was actually about business.
  • He based it on his own children and their experiences which makes the results less accurate.

Child Development (2 decks)

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