Theorist Flashcards
She developed the Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale
She was the Mother of Modern Nursing
Florence Nightingale
She was known as the Lady with the Lamp
Florence Nightingale
Why does FN called as the Lady with the Lamp?
because she cares for the wounded soldiers at night
She acknowledged nursing knowledge
Florence Nightingale
“To be in charge is certainly not only to carry out the proper measures yourself but to see that everyone else does to too.”
Florence Nightingale
When was Florence Nightingale Born ?
May 12, 1820
She served the wounded soldiers during the Crimean War
Florence Nightingale
She developed nursing practice
Florence Nightingale
What was the focus of Environmental Theory?
Nursing practice create sanitary conditions for patients to get care.
What are the canons of environmental theory?
- Health of Houses
- Ventilation and warmth
- Light
- Noise
- Variety
- Bed and Bedding
- Cleanliness of rooms and walls
8. Personal Cleanliness - Nutrition and taking food
- Chattering hopes and advices
11. Observation of the sick - Petty Management
According to Nightingale, ‘badly constructed houses do for the healthy what badly constructed hospitals do for sick. Once air is stagnant, sickness is certain to follow’
Health of Houses
Cleanliness outside the house affected the inside
Health of houses
The act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.
Environmental Theory
Nurse’s initiative to configure environmental settings.
Environmental Theory
Appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient’s health.
Environmental Theory
External factors associated with the patient’s surroundings affect the life.
Environmental Theory
“keep the air he breathes as pure as te external air, without chilling him.”
Ventilation and warmth
Nightingale advocated that the sick needs both fresh air and light—direct sunlight was what clients wanted
Light
‘quite real and tangible effects upon human body.”
Light
Nightingale believed that patients should never be waked intentionally or accidentally during the first part of sleep
Noise
should always be kept at a minimum around patients at all times
Noise
need for changes in color and form, including bringing the patient brightly colored flowers or plants
Variety
bed should be placed in the brightest part of the room and placed so that the patient could see out of the window
Bed and Beddings
the bed of the patient must be wrinkle-free.
Bed and Beddings
She urges the removal of dust with the use of damp cloth rather than a feather duster. Floors should be easily cleaned rather than being covered with carpets. Furniture and walls should be easily washed and not damaged by coming in contact with moisture
Cleanliness
Maintain a clean surroundings
Cleanliness
effective drainage
Cleanliness
She believed that unwashed skin may contaminate or poison the patient
and noted that bathing and drying the skin provided great relief to the
patient
Personal Cleanliness
She also advocated that personal cleanliness extended to the nurse and
that every nurse ought to wash her hands very frequently during the day
Personal cleanliness
personal hygiene
Personal Cleanliness
The nurse must also consider his/her hygiene
Personal Cleanliness
importance of variety in the food served to patients
nutrition and taking food
perceived that to falsely cheer the sick by making light of their illness and its danger is not helpful
chattering hopes and advices
encouraged the nurse to heed what is being said by visitors, believing that sick persons should hear good news that would assist them in becoming healthier.
chattering hopes and advices
to give comfort for the patient
chattering hopes and advices
the patient must always be monitored by the nurse.
Observation of the sick
teach them what to observe, how to observe, what symptoms indicate improvement, which are evidence of neglect and what kind of neglect.
Observation of the sick
importance of obtaining complete and accurate information about patients.
observation of the sick
observation not be an end unto itself but a means for assuring that appropriate actions are taken
observation of the sick
“what you do when you are there, shall be done when you are not there”
Petty management
believed that the house and the hospital needed to be well- managed which means being organized, clean and with appropriate supplies.
petty management
referred to the person as a patient.
person
Nurses performed tasks to and for the patient and controlled the patient’s environment to enhance recovery.
person
perspective from planning own actions based on conscious, abstract, and analytical thinking.
Competent
the nurse was in control of and responsible for the patient’s environmental surroundings.
Person
trained nurses
Nursing
scientific principles to be applied in their work and were to be more skilled in observing and reporting patients’ health status while providing care as the
patient recovered.
Nursing
being well and using every power (resource) to the fullest extent in living life.
Health
envisioned the maintenance of health through prevention of disease via environmental control and social responsibility.
Health
nursing was “to assist nature in healing the patient.”
Environment
Her admonition to nurses, both those providing care in the home and trained nurses in hospitals, was to create and maintain a therapeutic environment that would enhance the comfort and recovery of the patient.
Environment
This concept explains that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over time from a combination of a strong educational foundation and personal experiences.
From Novice to Expert
nurse could gain knowledge and skills without actually learning a theory.
knowing how without knowing that kay patricia benner to
When was Patricia Benner born ?
August 1942
focuses on how nurses acquire their nursing
knowledge, particularly how a nurse could gain knowledge or “know-how”
without learning a theory, referred to as “know-that.
Stages of Nursing Expertise
What are the significance of PB’s theory?
- These levels reflect movement from reliance on past abstract principles to the use of past concrete experience as paradigms and change in perception of situation as a complete whole in which certain parts are relevant
- Each step builds on the previous one as abstract principles are refined and expanded by experience and the learner gains clinical expertise.
- This theory changed the profession’s understanding of what it means to be an expert, placing this designation not on the nurse with the most highly paid or most prestigious position, but on the nurse who provided “the most exquisite nursing care.
- It recognized that nursing was poorly served by the paradigm that called for all of nursing theory to be developed by researchers and scholars, but rather introduced the revolutionary notion that the practice itself could and should inform theory.
What are the 5 Nursing Expertise?
Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, and Expert.
What is the focus of Stages of Nursing Expertise?
profession’s understanding of what it
means to be an expert, placing this
designation not on the nurse with the most
highly paid or most prestigious position, but
on the nurse who provided the most exquisite
nursing care
Beginner with no experience
Novice
Taught general rules to help perform tasks
Novice
Rules are: context-free, independent of specific cases, and applied
universally
Novice
“Tell me what I need to do and I’ll do it.”
Novice
Demonstrates acceptable performance
Advanced beginner
Has gained prior experience in actual situations to recognize
recurring meaningful components
Advanced Beginner
Principles, based on experiences, begin to be formulated to guide
actions
Advanced beginner
Typically a nurse with 2-3 year’s experience on the job in the same area or in similar day-to-day situations
Competent
More aware of long-term goals
Competent
Gains perspective from planning own actions based on conscious,
abstract, and analytical thinking and helps to achieve greater efficiency and organization
Competent
Perceives and understands situations as whole parts
Proficient
More holistic understanding improves decision-making
Proficient
Learns from experiences what to expect in certain situations and
how to modify plans
Proficient
No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions
Expert
Much more background of experience
Expert
Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations
Expert
Performance is now fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient
Expert
Describe as caring relationship and condition and connection. Caring is primary because caring self is set possibility of giving help and receiving help.
Nursing
Describe as self- interpreting being and effortless nonreflective understanding of the self in the world
Person
Define as what is assessed, whereas well-being is the human experience of health or wholeness. Well-being and being ill are understood as distinct ways of being in the world.
Health
The situation is use as term rather than environment because situation conveys social environment with social definition and meaningfulness. They use Phenomenological term being situated and situated meaning which are defined by the person engaged interaction, interpretation and understanding of situation.
Situation/ Environment
When was Jean Watson born?
June 10, 1940
describes a transpersonal nurse as one who “has the ability to center consciousness and intentionality on caring, healing, and wholeness, rather than on disease, illness and pathology.”
Watson
Latin word which means “to cherish, to appreciate, to give special attention, if not loving attention.
Caritas
are learned early in life but can be influenced greatly by nurse educators. This factor can be defined as satisfaction through giving and extension of the sense of self
Humanistic and altruistic values
This factor, incorporating humanistic and altruistic values, facilitates the promotion of holistic nursing care and positive health within the patient population. It also describes the nurse’s role in developing effective nurse-patient interrelationships and in promoting wellness by helping the patient adopt health-seeking behaviors
Instillation of Faith-Hope
The recognition of feelings leads to self-actualization through self-acceptance for both the nurse and patient. As nurses acknowledge their sensitivity and feelings, they become more genuine, authentic, and sensitive to others
Cultivation of Sensitivity to Self and Others (caritas)
promotes and accepts the expression of both positive and negative feelings. (caritas)
Development of a Helping-Trust Relationship
the ability to experience and thereby understand the other person’s perceptions and feelings and to communicate those understandings.
Empathy
The sharing of feelings is a risk-taking experience for both nurse and patient. The nurse must be prepared for either positive or negative feelings. The nurse must recognize that intellectual and emotional understandings of a situation differ
Promotion and Acceptance of the Expression of Positive and Negative Feelings
Use of the nursing process brings a scientific problem-solving approach to nursing care, dispelling the traditional image of a nurse as the doctor’s handmaiden. The nursing process is similar to the research process in that it is systematic and organized
Systematic Use of the Scientific Problem-Solving Method for Decision Making
It allows the patient to be informed and shifts the responsibility for wellness and health to the patient. The nurse facilitates this process with teaching-learning techniques that are designed to enable patients to provide self-care, determine personal needs, and provide opportunities for their personal growth
Promotion of Interpersonal Teaching- Learning
Nurses must recognize the influence that internal and external environments have on the health and illness of individuals. Concepts relevant to the internal environment include the mental and spiritual well being and sociocultural beliefs of an individual. In addition to epidemiological variables, other external variables include comfort, privacy, safety, and clean, aesthetic surroundings.
Provision for a Supportive, Protective, and Corrective Mental, Physical, Sociocultural, and Spiritual Environment (caritas)
The nurse recognizes the biophysical, psychophysical, psychosocial, and intrapersonal needs of self and patient.
Assistance with Gratification of Human Needs
“Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death; soul care for self and the one- being-cared for”
Allowance for Existential- Phenomenological Forces
According to Watson, the word nurse is both noun and verb. To her, nursing consist of “knowledge, thought, values, philosophy, commitment, and action with some degrees of passion.
Nursing
Nurses are interested in understanding health, illness and the human experience. Promoting and restoring health and preventing illness.
Nursing
Nurses are to go beyond procedures, task and techniques used in practice settings, coined as the trim of nursing, in contrast to the core of nursing. Those aspects of nurse-patient relationship resulting in a therapeutic outcome that are included in the transpersonal caring process.
Nursing
Using the original carative factor the nurse provides care to various patients.
Nursing
Each carative factor and the clinical caritas processes describe the caring
process of how a patient attains or maintains health or dies a peaceful death.
Nursing
Humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated
from self, other, nature and the larger universe.
Nursing
The Caring-Healing paradigm is located within cosmology that is both
metaphysical and transcendent with the co-evolving human in the universe.
Nursing
Watson views the person as “a unity of mind/body/spirit/nature and she says that personhood is tied to notions that one’s soul possess a body that is not confined by objective time and space.
Person
Watson states, “I make the point to use mind, body, soul or unity within an evolving emergent world view-connectedness of all, sometimes referred to as Unitary Transformative Paradigm-Holographic thinking.
Person
“unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul”; associated with the “degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced”. (Watson )
Health
Attending to supportive, protective and or corrective mental, physical, societal and spiritual environments.
Environment
The caring is not only for sustaining humanity, but also for sustaining the planet . . . Belonging is to an infinite universal spirit world of nature and all living things; it is the primordial link of humanity and life itself, across time and space, boundaries and nationalities.
Environment (JW)
“healing spaces can be used to help others transcend illness, pain, and suffering,” emphasizing the environment and person connection: “when the nurse enters the patient’s room, a magnetic field of expectation is created”.
Environment
“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge; and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible”
Nursing
This theory focuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence to hasten their progress in the hospital.
Nursing Need Theory
“I believe that the function the nurse performs is primarily an independent one – that of acting for the patient when he lacks knowledge, physical strength, or the will to act for himself as he would ordinarily act in health, or in carrying out prescribed therapy. This function is seen as complex
and creative, as offering unlimited opportunity for the application of the physical, biological, and social sciences and the development of skills based on them.”
Virginia Henderson
called as “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing “
Virginia Henderson
The 20th Century Florence Nightingale
Virginia Henderson
focuses on individual care is evident in that she stressed assisting individuals with essential activities to maintain health, to recover, or to achieve peaceful death.
Nursing Needs Theory
“I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible.”
Virginia Henderson
“Nurse should have knowledge to practice individualized and human care and should be a scientific problem solver.”
Nursing
She believed nursing as primarily complementing the patient by supplying what he needs in knowledge, will or strength to perform his daily activities and to carry out the treatment prescribed for him by the physician. She strongly believed in “getting inside the skin” of her patients in order to know what he or she needs.
Virginia Henderson
What are the 14 basic needs?
- Breathe normally.
- Eat and drink adequately.
- Eliminate body wastes.
- Move and maintain desirable postures.
- Sleep and rest.
- Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
- Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and
modifying environment - Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the integument
- Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
1O. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. - Worship according to one’s faith.
- Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
- Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and use the available health facilities.
nursing as “the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.” The nurse’s goal is to make the patient complete, whole, or independent. In turn, the nurse collaborates with the physician’s therapeutic plan.
Nursing
Nurses temporarily assist an individual who lacks the necessary strength, will, and knowledge to satisfy one or more of the 14 basic needs.
She states: “The nurse is temporarily the consciousness of the unconscious, the love life for the suicidal, the leg of the amputee, the eyes of the newly
blind, a means of locomotion for the infant, knowledge, and confidence of the young mother, the mouthpiece for those too weak or withdrawn to speak”.
Nursing
“…the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will, and the knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent
of him or her as soon as possible.”
Nursing ( Henderson )
individuals have basic needs that are component of
health and require assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful
death.
Person
defined the patient as someone who needs nursing care but did not limit
nursing to illness care.
Person (VH)
was taken to mean balance in all realms of human life. It is equated with the
independence or ability to perform activities without any aid in the 14 components or basic human needs.
Health
“The mind and body being separable, a person must maintain physiological and emotional balance. An individual requires assistance in order to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. Individuals will achieve or maintain health if they have the necessary strength, will or
knowledge. The individual and family should be viewed as a unit.” – Henderson
Health
Nurses, on the other hand, are key persons in promoting health, prevention of illness and being able to cure. According to Henderson, good health is a challenge because it is affected by numerous factors such as age, cultural background, emotional balance, and others.
Health
everything that is outside of the patient but is connected to the patient is considered the environment & the environment should support the 14 fundamental needs. Including all external conditions and influences that affect life and development.
Environment
“really the application of the logical approach to the solution of a problem. The steps are those of the scientific method.” “Nursing process stresses the science of nursing rather than the mixture of science and art on which it seems effective health care service of any kind is based.
Nursing Process (Henderson)
Basis of Abdellah’s theory
14 basic human needs
helps nurses practice in
an organized, systematic way.
typology of 21 nursing problem
When was Abdellah born?
March 13, 1919
“Nursing is based on an art and science that mould the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
Abdellah
She considers nursing to be comprehensive service that is based on art and science and aims to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.
Faye Glenn Abdellah
What are the 21 Nursing Problems:
- To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
- To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep
- To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or other
trauma and through prevention of the spread of infection - To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity
- To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells
- To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells
- To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
- To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance 9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease
conditions—pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory
1O. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions - To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
- To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions - To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
- To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal
communication - To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships 16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals 17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment
- To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs.
- To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional.
2O. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise from illness - To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness
4 categories of patient needs
basic to all patients, sustenal care needs, remedial care needs, and restorative care.
to maintain good hygiene and physical comfort; promote optimal health through healthy activities, such as exercise, rest and sleep; promote safety through the prevention of health hazards like accidents, injury or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection; and maintain good body mechanics and prevent or correct deformity.
Basic Needs
facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells; facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells; facilitate the
maintenance of elimination; facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance; recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease conditions; facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions; and facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.
Sustenal Care needs
needs to identify and accept positive and negative expressions,
feelings, and reactions; identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness; facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non- verbal communication; promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships; facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals; create and maintain a therapeutic environment; and facilitate awareness of the self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs.
Remedial care needs
include the acceptance of the optimum possible goals in light of limitations, both physical and emotional; the use of community
resources as an aid to resolving problems that arise from illness; and the understanding of the role of social problems as influential factors in the case of illness.
Restorative care needs
What are the 11 nursing skills?
- observation of health status
- skills of communication
- application of knowledge
- teaching of patients and families 5. planning and organization of work 6. use of resource materials
- use of personnel resources 8. problem-solving
- direction of work of others 10.therapeutic uses of the self 11.nursing procedure
describes the recipients of nursing as individuals (and families), although she does
not delineate her beliefs or assumptions about the nature of human beings.
Person/ individual
Patient is described as the only justification for the existence of nursing.
Person/ Individual
defined as the dynamic pattern of functioning
whereby there is a continued interaction with internal and external forces that results
in the optimal use of necessary resources to minimize vulnerabilities.
Health
Society is included in “planning for optimum health on local, state, and
international levels.” However, as Abdellah further delineates her ideas, the focus of
nursing service is clearly the individual.
Environment
The client’s health needs can be viewed as problems, which may be
overt as an apparent condition, or covert as a hidden or concealed one.
Nursing
nursing problem is an apparent condition faced by the patient or family, which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through the performance of her professional functions.
overt
nursing problem is a concealed or hidden condition faced, by the patient or family, which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through the performance of her professional functions
covert
Quality professional nursing care requires that nurses be able to identify and
solve overt and covert nursing problems.
Problem-solving
