Theories through L4C

Question 1

Humoral Theory

Answer 1

Began by Hippocratic treatise “On the Sacred Disease”. Allowed for possibility of natural treatments. Health=imbalance of four humors: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile. Included bloodletting because it drained body of excess humors.

Question 1

Miasma Theory

Question 2

Germ Theory

Question 3

Classical Greek Theory

Answer 3

Divine punishments/causation of disease.

Question 4

Galenic Theory (Galenism) (Galenic-Hippocratic Humoralism)

Answer 4

Extension of the Humoral theory. Galen contributed by saying that blood was constantly produced and distributed. Final authority in medieval Europe and into Renaissance. Too much food = too much blood. Emphasized bloodletting. Vesalius began to challenge it. Then Harvey. Then Sydenham.

Question 5

Nosology

Answer 5

focus on symptoms/signs instead of pathology

Question 6

Pathology

Answer 6

Focus on cause/effects of disease/injury

Question 7

Disease Specificity

Answer 7

Fever isn’t the disease, it is a result of it

Question 8

Numerical Method

Answer 8

Used numbers/statistics to find reliable data/evidence. Modernizing turn in science/medicine

Question 9

Hemoptysis; Jaundice; Hematuria

Answer 9

Lung; liver; kidney

Question 10

Heroic Medicine

Answer 10

Aggressive depletion therapies to overcome aggressive diseases. Bloodletting, purges, mercury, antimony were used.

Question 11

Auscultation of the chest allowed you to hear ____

Answer 11

rales, rhonchi, wheezes

Question 12

Gentle Medicine

Answer 12

Revived after antibiotics returned- “first, do no harm”

Question 13

First Aspect of Paris Hospitals

Answer 13

1- Physical diagnosis in place of patient’s recitation of symptoms

Question 14

2nd Aspect of Paris Hospitals

Answer 14

Large number of cases to study disease & use of numerical method

Question 15

3rd Aspect of Paris Hospitals

Answer 15

Reliance on technology of autopsy

Question 16

4th Aspect of Paris Hospitals

Answer 16

Rejection of learning based on ancient texts

Question 17

5th Aspect of Paris Hospitals

Answer 17

Incorporation of surgical teaching into schools- erased distinction between surgeons and physicians.

Question 18

Cell Theory (first 2)

Answer 18

cell is basic unit of living tissues, it is independent and necessary for development and structural composition of tissues

Question 19

third tenet of modern cell theory

Answer 19

all cells come from other cells

Question 20

Kymograph

Answer 20

measure/record blood pressure fluctuations

Question 21

Germ Theory

Answer 21

Microorganisms are linked to human diseases

Question 22

Milieu interieur

Answer 22

Homeostasis

Question 23

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 23

Neurological disorder that causes numbness on one side of the face

Question 24

Antisepsis

Answer 24

Using substances to eliminate microorganisms that cause disease

Question 25

Miasma Theory

Answer 25

Foul air from rotten organic matter spontaneously created morbid matter and disease

Question 26

Pasteurization

Answer 26

Prevents milk-borne infections

Question 27

Attenuated Vaccine

Answer 27

Inoculation with weakened microbes that could not produce full-blown vaccine, but could confer immunity

Question 28

Inactivated vaccines

Answer 28

Killed vaccines

Question 29

Endospore

Answer 29

Tetanus, C. Diff, Botulism-- Have endospores made to survive extreme conditions

Question 30

Koch's Postulates

Answer 30

Organism present in animals, isolated, produce disease when inject to healthy animals, organism must be re-isolated from injected

Question 31

Hospitalism

Answer 31

Diseases associated with hospitals- usually blamed on misasmas

Question 32

Carbolic Acid

Answer 32

Used for antisepsis

Question 33

Listerism

Answer 33

Used dressing materials soakes in carbolic acid