Theories & Theorists

Question 1

Maturationist

Answer 1

Arnold Giselle

Human traits are determined primarily by genetics. Children simply mature with age; environment plays a minor role.

Question 2

Behaviorist

Answer 2

B.F. Skinner
Watson
Bandura

Human traits are acquired through experiences within the environment. Adults can purposefully shape desired learning and behavior through positive reinforcement.

Question 3

Psychoanalytic

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson

Emotional development stems from inability to resolve the conflicts between desires and impulses and pressures from the outside world. Adults can promote children’s emotional health by providing appropriate opportunities for the gratification of drives.

Question 4

Cognitive Development

Answer 4

Piaget

Intellectual development is internal and personal. Knowledge is constructed by active learners who struggle to make sense of an experience. Learners assimilate new ideas into what they already know but also adjust previous thinking to accommodate new information.

Question 5

Sociocultural

Answer 5

Lev Vygotsky

Adults and peers can “scaffold “children’s learning by asking questions or challenging thinking. Through social interaction and verbalization children construct knowledge of the world.

Question 6

Information Processing

Answer 6

Siegler,
Dodge

Knowledge is acquired by applying specific thinking processes in order to pay attention to, Store, remember, retrieve and modify information overtime. Children learn in social situations by noticing social cues and storing them in memory; retrieving and applying them in later interactions with others.

Question 7

Ecological Systems

Answer 7

Bronfrenbrenner

Development is influenced by the personal, social and political systems within which children live.

Question 8

Ivan Pavlov- Classical conditioning

Stimulus and response

Answer 8

Adult shape children’s behavior by pairing a neutral event with something that is either pleasurable or unpleasurable. Over time, children begin to respond to the new full stimulus in the same way they would to the pleasurable one even when the stimulus is not present.

Question 9

B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

Skinner recommended.

Children’s desired behaviors are
rewarded systematically by adults. When this occurs, they are more likely to perform those behaviors. Children who are rewarded for using the toilet independently, for example will do so more often. Punishment should not be used; undesirable behavior should simply be ignored.

Question 10

Zone of proximal development:

Answer 10

zone in which children can learn with indirect help.

Question 11

Scaffolding

Answer 11

Using language and interaction to guide children’s thinking.

Question 12

Zone of proximal development:

Answer 12

zone in which children can learn with indirect help.

Question 13

Scaffolding

Answer 13

Using language and interaction to guide children’s thinking.

Question 14

Albert Bandura

Answer 14

Social learning-children learn new behaviors by imitating others, Imitation is more likely if children see behaviors rewarded.

Question 15

Id

Answer 15

Freud’s term for the part of the mind that contains instinctual urges and drives for immediate gratification but is kept in check by the ego and super ego.

Question 16

Ego

Answer 16

Freud’s term for the part of the mind that is rational and regulates and redirects the instinctual impulses of the id.

Question 17

Super ego

Answer 17

Freud’s term for the part of the mind that comprises the conscience, including values and mores of one’s culture.

Question 18

Sociocultural theory (additional) 
Lev Vygotsky

Answer 18

Knowledge is actually constructed by the learner language and thinking our separate processes for infants.

Question 19

Bronfrenbrenner’s Microsystem Consists of:

Answer 19

Family, school, daycare, peers, neighborhood play area, church group, health services.

Question 20

Bronfrenbrenner’s Mesosystem Consists of:

Answer 20

The layer of environmental influences on development that is composed of connections among persons and organizations within the microsystem.

Question 21

Bronfrenbrenner’s Exosystem Consists of:

Answer 21

Extended Family, neighbors, legal services, school board, community services, workplace, mass media, friends of family.

The layer of environmental influences on development that is composed of institutions or persons that do not actually touch children’s lives but rather indirectly affect their experiences.

Question 22

Bronfrenbrenner’s Macrosystem Consists of:

Answer 22

Attitudes and ideologies of the culture.

The layer of environmental influences that contains the over arching values, ideologies, laws, worldviews and customs of a particular society.
The way a society respects and cares for children is an example.

Question 23

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor

Answer 23

0 to 18 months

Infants rely solely on action and senses to know things. Intelligence is an ability to get what one needs through movement and perception.

Question 24

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: Preoperational

Answer 24

18 months to six or seven years

Toddlers and preschool children can use symbols and internal thought to solve problems. The thinking is still tied to concrete objects and say here now. They are fooled by the appearance of things.

Question 25

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: Concrete operational

Answer 25

Eight years to 12 years

Elementary school children are more abstract in their thinking. They can use early logic to solve problems and are less fooled by perception. They still require the support of concrete objects to learn.

Question 26

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: Formal operational

Answer 26

12 years to adulthood

Adolescents and adults can think abstractly and hypothetically. They can contemplate the long ago and far away. They’re thinking is free from immediate physical context.

Question 27

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: Trust versus mistrust

Answer 27

Birth to 18 months

Children must come to trust that basic needs will be met by caregivers and that the world is a predictable and safe place. Otherwise they will develop feelings of miss trust in others and the world.

Question 28

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: autonomy versus shame/doubt

Answer 28

18 months to 3.5 years

Children must acquire a sense of independence from parents and I believe that they can do things on their own. If children up over the restricted when asserting their independence, they will develop feelings of shame and doubts about their individuality.

Question 29

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: initiative versus guilt

Answer 29

3.5 years to six years

Children must feel free to ask, to create, to express themselves creatively and to take risks. Children who are inhibited in these pursuits can become overwhelmed with guilt.

Question 30

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: Industry versus inferiority

Answer 30

6 to 12 years

Children must come to feel confident in skills valued by society. They need to feel successful in relation to peers and in the eyes of significant adults. If they experience failure to Austin, they will come to feel inferior.

Question 31

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: identity versus role confusion

Answer 31

Adolescence

Adolescence must develop a clear sense of self. They must acquire their own unique rolls, values and place in society. If they are unable to piece together these elements into a coherent view of self, role confusion results.

Question 32

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: intimacy versus isolation

Answer 32

Young adulthood

Young adults must be willing to risk offering themselves to others. And inability to give to another can lead to feelings of isolation.

Question 33

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: Generativity versus stagnation

Answer 33

Mature adult

Adults must gain a sense that they have contributed to the world and some lasting fashion. Through child rearing, civic deeds, or paid work, they must come to feel they have in some way given to others. Those who do not achieve this sends me suffer stagnation-a sense that there is no directional purpose to one’s life.

Question 34

Erik Erikson’s eight stages of emotional development: Integrity versus despair

Answer 34

Older adult

Older adults must come to feel great satisfaction with the events and accomplishments of their lives. They must look back on their experiences with pride and acceptance. Those who cannot feel this satisfaction is life draws to an and suffer great despair.