theories (question two) Flashcards
what is the need achievement theory?
need to acheive or need to avoid failure, athletes strive for success
those who need to achieve prefer to have worthy competition and be pushed
those who need to avoid failure prefer to don’t want to challenge themself and avoid challenge
what is the self determination theory?
athletes are motivated to grow and change because of their own individual psychological behaviours
three key psychological needs which must be met to stay motivated:
competence (ability to complete the task)
relatedness (need to belong)
autonomy (need to have choice or control)
what is the wieners attribution theory?
how people explain their successes or failures
athlete or coach may explain the successes or failures in these three categories:
stability (unstable or stable reasoning)
causality (does it come from something internal or external)
control (is it under the participants control)
what is the achievement goal theory?
split into two orientations for success : task or ego/outcome
those who are task oriented want to improve their ability and place significant importance on learning
those who are ego/outcome orienated are focused on winning or being the best
what is the drive theory?
displays a linear relationship between arousal and performance
as arousal increases so does performance
does not account for the ways people act
what is the catastrophe theory?
as we come more aroused performance will increase then decrease as we become over aroused
explains how high levels of anxiety can lead to a sudden drop in performance
takes a while for performance to pick back up
what is the inverted U theory?
performance will increase as arousal increases up to a certain point (over arousal)
fairly simplistic as says we will all have the same optimum point
increase in arousal above threshold will worsen performance
what is individual zones of optimal functioning?
describes the relationship between emotional experiences and relative successes
based on the individual
allows a description of a variety of emotional states which can be good or bad
what is the multidimensional anxiety theory?
predicts an increase in cognitive state anxiety = negative effect on performance
categorising the environment in which a person lives
anxiety negatively influences performance
what is the reversal theory of anxiety?
proposes that the needs and desires directing human behaviour between one state of mind and another
reversals can change emotional states, that can influence performance
what is the frustration - aggression theory?
aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating a persons efforts to attain a goal
if you become frustrated from not achieving a goal, you will become aggressive
what is the adapted frustration-aggression theory?
frustration causes a negative effect, and this negative effect elicits aggression
requires certain stimuli
produces a readiness for aggression
what is vealeys model of sport confidence?
a theory of achievement motivation based on the concept of sport confidence
three main parts contributing to the performance of the specific skill:
state sports confidence (temporary)
trait sports confidence (natural attribution)
competitive orientation (how ready you are to perform)
what is banduras self - efficacy theory?
all of the following link to self efficacy:
performance accomplishment - interpreted result, most influential
vicarious experience - observing other people successfully completing a task, social role models
verbal encouragement - verbal feedback while undertaking a task, self belief
emotional state - emotional, physical and psychological well being of a person - how they interpret personal ability
what is dwecks theory of growth mindset?
with ability and effort, individuals are able to build on their existing talents and knowledge
10,000 hours to learn a skill
once failure occurred the situation was out of their control and that there was nothing they could do - an adopted view of learned helplessness
what is carrons conceptual model of cohesion?
in order for a team to remain cohesive and motivated to be driven towards a team goal, that environment factors such as size and age of the group can massively impact the personal and leadership elements, which can determine the overall teams and elements
what is challaduras multidimensional model of leadership?
antecedents - challendural stated that there are three factors that interact to determine the behaviour
leader behaviour - in the model it outlines three leader behaviours, which are guided by antecedents
consequences - the final element outlined in the model is consequences
- situational characteristics
factors such as environmental conditions, the type of sport (interactive or coactive), the number of team members, time constraints and the strengths of the opposition are considered - leader characteristics
considerations made for the skill, experience and personality of the leader. leadership style would play a part here (autocratic or democratic) - member characteristics
these are factors relating to the member as such as age, gender, motivation, competence and experience - required behaviour
focuses on how the leader should behave in particular situations. it is important to note that the leaders behaviour may be dictated by a strategy - actual behaviour
the way the leader chooses to act in a given situation. the experince and competence of the leader greatly impact the effectiveness of this - preferred behaviour
based on what the group or individual wants the leader to do. the leadership style preferred by the group is closely linked to the member characteristics
what is the four stage stress process?
- demand
what is placed upon the athlete
eg taking a penalty - perception
how demand is perceived - increased arousal levels
if at stage 2 the stress was perceived as positive — eustress
if at stage 2 the stress was perceived at negative — distress - outcomes
if eustress was evident performance will increase
if distress was evident performance will decrease
what are the 9 sources of self confidence?
- mastery
- demonstration of ability by winning
- physical and mental preparation
- self presentation : feeling good
- social support
- coaches leadership
- vicarious experience
- feeling comfortable
- situational favourableness: feeling that all is going well
what is the ringelmann effect?
explains that as group size increases, the individual productivity decreases
what is social loafing?
the concept of social loading refers to individuals who do not put in 100% when working in a team based situation
loss in individual motivation
what is attentional focus theory?
explains the attention demands in sport
involves being under pressure, planning a game plan and controlling an emotional state
