theories (question two)

Question 1

what is the need achievement theory?

Answer 1

need to acheive or need to avoid failure, athletes strive for success

those who need to achieve prefer to have worthy competition and be pushed

those who need to avoid failure prefer to don’t want to challenge themself and avoid challenge

Question 2

what is the self determination theory?

Answer 2

athletes are motivated to grow and change because of their own individual psychological behaviours

three key psychological needs which must be met to stay motivated:
competence (ability to complete the task)
relatedness (need to belong)
autonomy (need to have choice or control)

Question 3

what is the wieners attribution theory?

Answer 3

how people explain their successes or failures

athlete or coach may explain the successes or failures in these three categories:
stability (unstable or stable reasoning)
causality (does it come from something internal or external)
control (is it under the participants control)

Question 4

what is the achievement goal theory?

Answer 4

split into two orientations for success : task or ego/outcome

those who are task oriented want to improve their ability and place significant importance on learning

those who are ego/outcome orienated are focused on winning or being the best

Question 5

what is the drive theory?

Answer 5

displays a linear relationship between arousal and performance

as arousal increases so does performance

does not account for the ways people act

Question 6

what is the catastrophe theory?

Answer 6

as we come more aroused performance will increase then decrease as we become over aroused

explains how high levels of anxiety can lead to a sudden drop in performance

takes a while for performance to pick back up

Question 7

what is the inverted U theory?

Answer 7

performance will increase as arousal increases up to a certain point (over arousal)

fairly simplistic as says we will all have the same optimum point

increase in arousal above threshold will worsen performance

Question 8

what is individual zones of optimal functioning?

Answer 8

describes the relationship between emotional experiences and relative successes

based on the individual

allows a description of a variety of emotional states which can be good or bad

Question 9

what is the multidimensional anxiety theory?

Answer 9

predicts an increase in cognitive state anxiety = negative effect on performance

categorising the environment in which a person lives

anxiety negatively influences performance

Question 10

what is the reversal theory of anxiety?

Answer 10

proposes that the needs and desires directing human behaviour between one state of mind and another

reversals can change emotional states, that can influence performance

Question 11

what is the frustration - aggression theory?

Answer 11

aggression is the result of blocking, or frustrating a persons efforts to attain a goal

if you become frustrated from not achieving a goal, you will become aggressive

Question 12

what is the adapted frustration-aggression theory?

Answer 12

frustration causes a negative effect, and this negative effect elicits aggression

requires certain stimuli

produces a readiness for aggression

Question 13

what is vealeys model of sport confidence?

Answer 13

a theory of achievement motivation based on the concept of sport confidence

three main parts contributing to the performance of the specific skill:
state sports confidence (temporary)
trait sports confidence (natural attribution)
competitive orientation (how ready you are to perform)

Question 14

what is banduras self - efficacy theory?

Answer 14

all of the following link to self efficacy:
performance accomplishment - interpreted result, most influential
vicarious experience - observing other people successfully completing a task, social role models
verbal encouragement - verbal feedback while undertaking a task, self belief
emotional state - emotional, physical and psychological well being of a person - how they interpret personal ability

Question 15

what is dwecks theory of growth mindset?

Answer 15

with ability and effort, individuals are able to build on their existing talents and knowledge

10,000 hours to learn a skill

once failure occurred the situation was out of their control and that there was nothing they could do - an adopted view of learned helplessness

Question 16

what is carrons conceptual model of cohesion?

Answer 16

in order for a team to remain cohesive and motivated to be driven towards a team goal, that environment factors such as size and age of the group can massively impact the personal and leadership elements, which can determine the overall teams and elements

Question 17

what is challaduras multidimensional model of leadership?

Answer 17

antecedents - challendural stated that there are three factors that interact to determine the behaviour
leader behaviour - in the model it outlines three leader behaviours, which are guided by antecedents
consequences - the final element outlined in the model is consequences

1. situational characteristics
   factors such as environmental conditions, the type of sport (interactive or coactive), the number of team members, time constraints and the strengths of the opposition are considered
2. leader characteristics
   considerations made for the skill, experience and personality of the leader. leadership style would play a part here (autocratic or democratic)
3. member characteristics
   these are factors relating to the member as such as age, gender, motivation, competence and experience
4. required behaviour
   focuses on how the leader should behave in particular situations. it is important to note that the leaders behaviour may be dictated by a strategy
5. actual behaviour
   the way the leader chooses to act in a given situation. the experince and competence of the leader greatly impact the effectiveness of this
6. preferred behaviour
   based on what the group or individual wants the leader to do. the leadership style preferred by the group is closely linked to the member characteristics

Question 18

what is the four stage stress process?

Answer 18

1. demand
   what is placed upon the athlete
   eg taking a penalty
2. perception
   how demand is perceived
3. increased arousal levels
   if at stage 2 the stress was perceived as positive — eustress
   if at stage 2 the stress was perceived at negative — distress
4. outcomes
   if eustress was evident performance will increase
   if distress was evident performance will decrease

Question 19

what are the 9 sources of self confidence?

Answer 19

1. mastery
2. demonstration of ability by winning
3. physical and mental preparation
4. self presentation : feeling good
5. social support
6. coaches leadership
7. vicarious experience
8. feeling comfortable
9. situational favourableness: feeling that all is going well

Question 20

what is the ringelmann effect?

Answer 20

explains that as group size increases, the individual productivity decreases

Question 21

what is social loafing?

Answer 21

the concept of social loading refers to individuals who do not put in 100% when working in a team based situation

loss in individual motivation

Question 22

what is attentional focus theory?

Answer 22

explains the attention demands in sport

involves being under pressure, planning a game plan and controlling an emotional state