Theories Of Learning Flashcards
Learning
acquisition of knowledge or skill that is not the result of maturation.
Theories of learning 3
Association
Cognitive
Observational
Associative learning is divided into 2
Classic conditioning
Operant conditioning
Pavlov described …. with which experiment.
Associative learning classical conditioning
Dogs experiment
Before the conditioning the dog would salivate to …. but not to …..
Food
Bell
During conditioning pavlov
Rand the bell followed by feeding the dog
After conditioning the dog
Salivates to bell
The food is the ….. the salivation is …
Unconditioned stimulus (USC) Unconditioned response (USR)
Classical conditioning involves
Repeated addition of new stimulus with and (UCS) that triggers a specific(UCR). This repeated addition results in the new stimulus produces the same response eventually without the UCS
The bell is ….. and the salivation after the bell is …
Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)
Acquisition stage
Period of pairing required between the UCS and CS for the association to be learned and the conditioned response to occur
The forming of an association is a ….. behaviour and …. (does/doesn’t) require understanding
Automatic behaviour (passive process) Doesn’t
Optimal delay is
Less than 1 second
Delayed conditioning
The start of the CS precedes the UCS
Extinction
When the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS the CR gradually disappears
Watson and rayner
Used classical conditioning to induce a white rat phobia in their son Albert (11 mo old)
How dod Watson and Rayner induce the phobia
By associating a loud noise with the presence of the rat, then again with a white rabbit until the bit feared every furry object
Systematic desensitisations treats …. and is based in the concept of ….
Anxiety and phobias
Counter conditioning
Systematic desensitisations begins with
Imagining oneself in a fearful situation and using relaxation strategies to compete with anxiety
Flooding
Massive exposure where patients are exposed to a maximum intensity anxiety-producing situation
Exposure
Treatment by forces exposure to the feared object maintained until the fear is extinguished
Aversive conditioning
Occurs when a stimulus that produces undesired behaviour is paired with an aversive stimulus (eg: child sucking on thumb, parents put bitter substance on their thumb)
Cognitive learning
Active form of learning that involves the creation of cognitive maps and the development of structure and meaning
Cognitive learning is divided into
Insight learning
Latent learning
Insight learning
Spontaneous cognitive remodelling that provides a sudden insight or solution
Latent learning
Learning occurs but its not immediately apparent
Observational learning
Active for of learning that occurs through observation with no direct reinforcement
Characteristics of people being observed
Hols a high status
similar with the observer
Their behaviour is rewarded
Perceived competence
Maslow made the
Hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs combines …….. and is ordered according to ……
Extrinsic and intrinsic elements
Survival value
Extrinsic vs intrinsic
Act of individual vs influence from outside
Maslow hierarchy:
Biological Safety Belonging and love Esteem Cognitive Aesthetic Self actualisation
Aesthetic means
Beauty, order
Esteem means
Social recognition and approval, competence
Self actualisation
Intrinsic Motivation, altruism (selflessness)
Thorndike’s law of effect
If a voluntary behaviour is rewarded it will be repeated
Skinner
Proposed the associative learning theory (OC) based on thorndikes law
OC
Operant conditioning
Skinner expiriment
Rat in box, lever releases food, rat learns to press lever.
Operant conditioning is an …. form of learning
Active (rat must act in order for conditioning to occur)
Primary reinforcement
Rewards basic drives (nourishment, sex) and is independent of prior learning
Secondarily reinforcements
Rewards learnt drives (money, praise) and is more subjective
Positive Reinforcement
Reward enforces a response and increases likelihood of it’s occurance
Negative reinforcement
Unpleasant condition is removed and again increases the likelihood of the response
Punishment
is an aversive consequence that is intended to reduce the likelihood of recurrence
Punishment is most effective when given
promptly
The removal of punishments may lead to
Negative reinforcements
Continuous reinforcement
Every positive response is rewarded
Continuous reinforcement is acquired…..
Quickly
Partial reinforcement
Only a fraction of responses are reinforced
Partial reinforcement is divided into 2
Fixed interval reinforcement
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Variable interval reinforcement
Variable ratio reinforcement
Fixed interval reinforcement
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Reward follow fixed amount of time
Reward follows fixed amount of responses
the response rate is at it’s maximum in ….. reinforcement
Continuous
Method most resistant to extinction is …. reinforcement
Partial
…… reinforcement is effective in maintaining rapid response rates
Fixed ratio
In …. reinforcement the respond rates increase only at expected time of reward
Fixed interval
Variable interval reinforcement
Variable ratio reinforcement
Reward follows a varying amount of time
Reward follows a varying number of responses
Biofeedback
uses external feedback via instruments to provide usually unperceived biological information subsequently used to modify internal physiologic states.
Biofeedback cam manipulate
Certain functions of the autonomic nervous system (pulse, blood pressure, muscle tone, pain perception)
Fading
gradually removing the reinforcement without the individual becoming aware of the difference.
Eg: smaller doses of medication
2 explanations of depression
Learnt helplessness
Low rate of reinforcement
Depression is a prolonged…. leading to ….
Extinction schedule
Passivity
Example of learnt helplessness
Seligmans dog electric box
Token economic
in which a desired behavior is rewarded with stickers or tokens which can then be swapped for privileges
Stimulus control
is where a stimulus acquires control over behavior.
Eg: watching tv leads to over eating
Shaping
achieves final target behavior by Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response.
Eg: boy with autism is rewarded for saying one word urges him to speak more
