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Theories of Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Theories of intelligence

A

Spearman (1923)-Theory of General Intelligence

  • Thurstone (1938)-The Seven Primary Mental Abilities
  • Cattell (and Horn) (1963)-Crystallised and Fluid Intelligence
  • Guilford (1967)-Structure of Intellect Model
  • Gardner (1983)-Multiple Intelligences
  • Sternberg (1985)-Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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2
Q

Whats a factor?

verbal factors of intelligence

A

represents a number of ‘things’ that go together to make a latent ability

  • Vocabulary
  • Reading comprehension
  • Spelling
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3
Q

factor analysis

A

Data reduction

  • If two tests/tasks are correlated, they must be measuring something similar
  • If two tests/tasks are NOT correlated, they must be measuring different things
  • Visual processing = Vi1 and Vi2-

Verbal processing = Ve1 and Ve2

very high correlations among variables measuring the same thing

•High correlation among variables measuring similar things-Spatial processing = Sp1 and Sp

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4
Q

Spearman (1904, 1927) – General Intelligence

A

positive correlations between many tests

  • Positive manifold – the tendency to do well on a variety of tests
  • Two factor theory of Intelligence
  • ‘g’ - the general factor
  • ‘s’ – other specific factors
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5
Q

Spearman (1904, 1927) – General Intelligence

types of general and specific intelligence

A 
general Intelligence – ‘g’
-General ability
-Intelligence required for all types of tests
-Underlies the specific abilities
 •Specific Intelligences – ‘s’
-Mechanical Intelligence
-Verbal Intelligence
-Spatial Intelligence
-Mathematical Intelligence
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6
Q

Spearman (1904, 1927) – General Intelligence

issues

A

many eminent psychologists still follow Spearman’s ideas on ‘g’

•Others think it too simplistic to capture the great breadth of human intellcegene

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7
Q

Thurstone (1938) – Seven Primary Mental Abilities

A

analysed data from 56 different tests of mental abilities

•Seven Primary Mental Abilities

  • Verbal comprehension
  • Verbal fluency
  • Number facility
  • Spatial visualization
  • Perceptual speed
  • Memory
  • Inductive reasoning
  • Abilities are relatively independent of one another
  • A person with exceptional perceptual speed might lack word fluenncy
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8
Q

whats word fluency

A

abiliity to use words quickly and fluently in performing such tasks as rhyming, solving anagrams and doing crossword puzzles

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9
Q

verbal Comprehension

A

ability to understand the meaning of words, concepts and ideas

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10
Q

numerical ability

A

ability to use numbers to quickly compute answers to problems

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11
Q

spatial visualization

A

ability to visualize and manipulate patterns and forms in space

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12
Q

perceptual speed

A

ability to grasp perceptual details quickly and accurately and to determine similarities and differences between stimuli

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13
Q

memory

A

ability to recall information such as lists or words, mathematical formulas and definition

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14
Q

inductive reasoning

A

ability to derive general rules and principles from presented informatio

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15
Q

thurstone (1938) – Seven Primary Mental Abilities - issues

A
  • Investigators noticed that those who excelled in one of the seven clusters generally scored well in the other clusters
  • They concluded that some evidence of Spearman’s’g’ factor still existed
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16
Q

Cattell (1963) – Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence

A

Utilised Factor Analysis
•Identified only two “Clusters” of intelligence
•Fluid and Crystallised intelligence

17
Q

whats Fluid intelligence (Gf)

A

•Ability to problem solve in novel situations without referencing prior knowledge, but rather using logic and abstract thinking
•Elements:
-Reasoning
-Abstract problem solving
-Free of cultural influences
-Fluid intelligence is thought to be present from birth, to develop with age and then to stabilize in adulthood

18
Q

whats crystallised intelligence ( Gc)

A

the use of previously-acquired knowledge, such as specific facts

•Elements:

  • Acquired knowledge-Influenced by culture
  • Examples are vocabulary, general knowledge and comprehension
  • Increases throughout life
19
Q

cattell theory

A

intelligence is composed of a number of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence (Cattell and Horn, 1966)

  • Fluid intelligence can become crystallized intelligence
  • Novel solutions from fluid intelligence can develop into crystallised intelligence after they are incorporated into long-term memory
  • Different forms of intelligence overlap and interact with one another, revealing its dynamic nature
20
Q

guildford 1967 - structure of intellect

A 
Structure of Intellect Model
•Three core components
-Contents
-Products
-Operations
•Known as dimensions
•Originally 120 factors, then 150, then 18
  • Five types of Operations (cognition, memory, divergent production, convergent production, evaluation)
  • Six types of Products (units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications)
  • Five types of Contents (visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, behavioural)
  • Since each of these dimensions is independent, there are theoretically 150 different components of intelligence
  • Later Memory was split into Memory Recording and Memory Retention to give 6 x 6 x 5 = 180 components
21
Q

Guildford 1967 - takeaway

A

Guildford’s Structure of Intellect model has few supporters today

  • Based on flawed analysis and computations
  • “Guilford’s SOI model must, therefore, be marked down as a somewhat eccentric aberration in the history of intelligence models

.The fact that so much attention has been paid to it is disturbing … have given the impression that the model is valid and widely accepted, when clearly it is not” (Carroll, 1993

22
Q

Gardener 1983 - Multiple Intelligences

A

No single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist

  • Each represents a unique set of skills and talents relevant to a certain category
  • Gardner (1983, 1987) initially proposed seven Multiple Intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
  • Since added Naturalist Intelligence
  • And then Existential Intelligence
23
Q

Gardener - now

A
  • Activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences)
  • Suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence - such as creativity and leadership

Linguistic - language skills

  • Logical-mathematical - numerical skills
  • Spatial - understanding relationships in space
  • Musical - skills such as playing an instrument
  • Bodily kinaesthetic - using the body
  • Interpersonal - understanding and relating to others
  • Intrapersonal - understanding oneself
  • Naturalist - understanding and interacting with living things
  • Existential - ability to pose existential questions such as: Who am I? and Why am I here?
24
Q

Gardener part 2

A

Specific brain areas

  • Interconnection between different intelligences
  • No g factor-intelligences are relatively independent -No single score for IQ

•Intelligences should be measured during school activities
-IQ rejection

25
Q

Gardener evaluation

A

theory has widely captured the attention of the psychology community and the greater public

  • However, there have been few empirical studies that actually test this theory
  • This theory does not account for other types of intelligence beyond the ones Gardner lists (Sternberg, 2003).
26
Q

Sternberg (1985) – Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of Intelligence in 1985

  • A three-category theory of intelligence-integrated components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory
  • This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the “ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context”
  • According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical (Sternberg, 1985
27
Q

Sternberg - whats analytic intelligence

A

also referred to as Componential Intelligence

  • Intelligence that is applied to analyse or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions
  • More like a traditional IQ test measure
28
Q

sternberg - whats creative intelligence

A

ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas

•Involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving

29
Q

sternberg - practical intelligence

A

ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life

  • Finding the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment
  • Adapting to the demands environment involves
  • utilizing knowledge gained from experience to purposefully change oneself to suit the environment (adaptation)
  • changing the environment to suit oneself (shaping)
  • finding a new environment in which to work (selection)Sternberg (1985) – Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

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