Theories of development Flashcards
Object permanence
sx as early as 5 mo
Remembers where something is hidden
Defense mech:
Displacement
symptoms (wishes/impulses) that are hidden in one area appear in another
Defense mech:
sublimation
using E from unfulfilled wishes/impulses in a constructive way
channeling instincts/wishes/impulses into socially accepted and valuable activity
Defense mech:
Rationalization
actions based on one motive
justified by a more acceptable motive
Defense mech:
Reaction formation
Displaying a trait that is the opposite of a repressed one
Defense mech:
Projection
attributing your own unacceptable impulses to another
Defense mech:
Regression
reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to obtain care/resources that alleviate anxiety
Who founded: Cognitive development through intxn w/ the environ. - assimilation - accomodation - decalage Stages of development
Jean Piaget
Assimilation
- founded by?
Integration of new experience with past experiences and problem solving based on past experiences
Founded by Jean Piaget
Accomodation
- founded by?
reorganization of mind based on discordance between new experience and past experiences i order to understand new experience
Founded by Jean Piaget
Oral and Anal stages of psychosexual devel occurs at which age?
Oral:
birth - 18/24 mo
Anal:
18/24mo - 3 years
Phallic stages of psychosexual development
3-6 years
What age does this stage of devel occur?
Sensorimotor:
dependence on exploration of perceptual stimuli thru sensory modalities
object permanence
birth - 18/24 mo
What age does this stage of devel occur?
Pre-occupational:
language development and symbolic capacities; magical explanations; single perceptual attribute at focus; limited attention span and memory; imaginary friends; egocentrism
18/24 mo - 7 years
*toddler
Separation anxiety peaks at _____
1 year old
*Limited attachment develops from 2-7 mo
Preferred attachment at 7-12 mo.
What age does this stage of devel occur?
Complex causal sequences,
reversibility of evets
7-12 years
Attachment theory (babies are evolutionarily programmed to have relationships with primary caregivers) founded by?
John Bowlby
Parenting style results in which types of children?
Authoritative
- high warmth and demandingness
Children are assertive, self confident, socially responsible, achievers
Parenting style results in which types of children?
Authoritarian
- low warmth and high demandingness
Children are irritable, aggressive, dependent, with low self esteem
Parenting style results in which types of children?
Permissive
- high warmth, low demandingness
Children are impulsive, self centered, low achiever, frustrated
Parenting style results in which types of children?
Rejecting/neglecting:
low warmth and demandingness
Children are low self-esteem, moody, impulsive
Stages of moral development founded by
Lawrence Kohlberg
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study
ACES
4/more much more likely as adults to have poor health outcomes and earlier death (20 years earlier) *EARLY ADVERSITY HAS REAL NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES Abuse - emotional abuse - physical abuse - sexual abuse
Neglect
- emotional neglect
- physical neglect
Household dysfxn
- Mother treated violently
- Household substance abuse
- Household mental illness
- Parental separation or divorce
- Incarcerated household member
Stress continuum:
Positive stress response
normal and essential part of healthy development, brief increases in HR and mild elevations in hormone levels
Stress continuum:
Tolerable stress response
activates the body’s alert systems to a greater degree as a result of more severe, longer-lasting difficulties. TIme limited activation that is buffered by relationships with adults who help with adaptation and recovery.
Stress continuum:
Toxic stress
can occur with the experience of strong, frequent, and/or prolonged adversity w/o adequate adult support. Prolonged activation of the stress response systems can disrupt the development of brain architecture and other organ systems, and increases the risk for stress related disease and cognitive impairment.
Alcohol exposure during which period causes the greatest damage?
2-8 weeks
Premature is considered being born when?
less than 37 weeks gest.
*very premature = 32 weeks
Low birthweight is considered what?
less than 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs)
*very low = 1000 grams (2.25 lbs)
Milestones (0-6 mo)
- Motor
- Cognitive
Motor
- primary reflexes
- Habituation after repeated exposure
- Reaching, rolling, sitting up
Cognitive:
- Visual and auditory tracking
- Imitation
- Object/action patterns
Milestones (0-6 mo)
Social/emotional
Social smile
From unintentional babbling and cooing to purposeful vocalization
Stranger anxiety
Surprise, sadness, fear, distress
Milestone (6-12 mo)
cognitive devel
Piaget’s sensory-motor stage
- experience the world through their senses
Can remember things (people, objects) and anticipate future events
- Play games
- cause and effect
- Object permanence
- Imitation of actions
- STRANGER ANXIETY peaks
Milestone (6-12 mo)
Motor devel
- Banging/shaking
- crawling
- standing
- Walking (12mo)
Whats the dx?
- does not follow directions
- impulsive
- talks out of turn
- low frustration
- short attention span
- breaks things/destroys property
Toddler (12-36 mo)
Whats the dx?
- Does not listen
- Constantly “on the go”
- Lack of focus
- Inability to complete tasks
- Labile moods
- Noncompliant
- Oppositional
Toddler (12-36 mo)
“No” emerges when?
Toddler (12-36 mo)
