Theories of development

Question 1

when did theories of development begin

Answer 1

40s

Question 2

describe the law of comparitive advantage

Answer 2

trade occurs because traders anticipate gains from trading, basis of trade is differing opportunity costs among nations, nations specialise in what they are good at producing

Question 3

describe the idea of modernisation theory

Answer 3

equating development with economic growth and industrialisation, linear development, distinguishing between more and less developed countries, increased savings and investment seen as key to development

Question 4

give the 5 stages of modernist development

Answer 4

traditional, transitional, take-off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption

Question 5

when did the modernist theory come about

Answer 5

after WWII

Question 6

give problems with modernist development

Answer 6

does not clarify development of poor nations, high physical investment has not led to historical development, state-wide is not always a good measure of development

Question 7

describe dependency theory

Answer 7

developing countries are structurally different to developed countries and should develop along different lines, structuralist approach

Question 8

what is a structuralist approach

Answer 8

elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader system

Question 9

give main arguments of the dependency theory

Answer 9

more state intervention in national devel. strategies, free trade doesnt work, international trade exacerbates inequalities of colonialism, need to understand complexity of imperialism, colonialism puts countries in a mold of exporting

Question 10

problems of the dependency theory

Answer 10

overemphasis on economic factors, historical view of development taken.

Question 11

name the three types of region in the world systems theory

Answer 11

core, semi-periphery and periphery

Question 12

when did the dependency theory come about

Answer 12

1960s

Question 13

who was a major proponent of the modernisation theory

Answer 13

Walt W Rostow

Question 14

are the groups in the world systems theory fixed or flexible

Answer 14

flexible

Question 15

whose work led to the emergence of the worlds system theory and when

Answer 15

Immanuel Wallerstein, 1974

Question 16

give the main ideas of the world systems theory

Answer 16

capitalist exploitation of the periphery from the perspective of the core, whole world as a single capitalist economy based on international division of labour, countries progress at different times

Question 17

what do the dependency and world systems theories have in common

Answer 17

common emphasis on global analysis, similar assumptions, emphasis on diff. political dynamics

Question 18

problems with the world systems theory

Answer 18

focus on state-level action, difficult to test, nationalisation of firms can actually have negative effects on long-run patterns of economic growth

Question 19

explain neoclassical theory

Answer 19

market ensures more efficient allocation of resources, underdevelopment is internally induced, government is at fault for lack of development, importance of free markets, privatisation and open economies

Question 20

how have east asian countries acted as examples of neoclassical theory success

Answer 20

high levels of economic growth and improvements of living standards

Question 21

criticisms/problems of neoclassical theory

Answer 21

many diff approaches in diff countries, government interventions in economy required, little difference to levels of poverty and inequality, no consideration of social and political, market support limited for poor and marginal commun.s

Question 22

what is the developmental state approach

Answer 22

state and private sector have a shared role in the economy-> market works for economic developmental goals, bureaucratic structures based on meritocracy

Question 23

what countrys’ ministry is an example of this?

Answer 23

Ministry of international trade and industry in Japan, this spread to other east asian countries

Question 24

problem with the developmental state approach

Answer 24

cant always be transferred to other countries

Question 25

name the four stages of marxist development

Answer 25

primitive communism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism/communism

Question 26

criticisms of marxist theory

Answer 26

only western europe experiences and assumes other countries would follow a similar path

Question 27

name the proponent of neo-marxist theory and when the ideas came about

Answer 27

Paul Baran, mid twentieth century

Question 28

give the main ideas of the neo-marxist theory

Answer 28

the world economy is dominated by large companies, poorer countries are being exploited, govs of poorer countries should prevent funds being siphoned out for profit, poor countries should leave the capitalist system

Question 29

name two proponents of the spatial dimensions approach

Answer 29

albert hirschmann and gunnar myrdal

Question 30

explain theories of albert hirschmann

Answer 30

development spreads to diff regions but is spatially unbalanced, should allow spatial concentration of economic development whose growth will eventually spread to periphery

Question 31

name the book by albert hirschmann and date

Answer 31

the strategy of economic development 1958

Question 32

name the book by gunnar myrdal and date

Answer 32

economic theory and underdeveloped regions, 1957

Question 33

explain the theories of gunnar myrdal

Answer 33

spatial polarisation will not be reversed after a certain level of development, advocate for strong state policy based on the countrys context, cumultative causation

Question 34

what is cumultative causation

Answer 34

a change in one form of an institution will lead to successive changes in other institutions.

Question 35

what is gunnar myrdal’s core-periphery idea

Answer 35

developed core surrounded by an underdeveloped periphery

Question 36

criticisms of gunnar myrdal

Answer 36

thought mainly focused on economic growth, no info on how planning mechanisms could be achieved

Question 37

when did the critical perspective theories come about

Answer 37

1970s

Question 38

main ideas of the critical perspectives theories

Answer 38

highlight cultural and ethical dimensions, critique eurocentric ideas, postmodern and postcolonial, include social and human security dimensions to development

Question 39

what are subaltern studies

Answer 39

identifying colonial populations that ho are socially, politically, and geographically excluded from the hierarchy of power of an imperial colony

Question 40

idea of sustainable development

Answer 40

meet the needs of the present without compromising the future, create equality and meet diverse needs, focus on society, environment, culture and economy