Theories of development Flashcards
when did theories of development begin
40s
describe the law of comparitive advantage
trade occurs because traders anticipate gains from trading, basis of trade is differing opportunity costs among nations, nations specialise in what they are good at producing
describe the idea of modernisation theory
equating development with economic growth and industrialisation, linear development, distinguishing between more and less developed countries, increased savings and investment seen as key to development
give the 5 stages of modernist development
traditional, transitional, take-off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
when did the modernist theory come about
after WWII
give problems with modernist development
does not clarify development of poor nations, high physical investment has not led to historical development, state-wide is not always a good measure of development
describe dependency theory
developing countries are structurally different to developed countries and should develop along different lines, structuralist approach
what is a structuralist approach
elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader system
give main arguments of the dependency theory
more state intervention in national devel. strategies, free trade doesnt work, international trade exacerbates inequalities of colonialism, need to understand complexity of imperialism, colonialism puts countries in a mold of exporting
problems of the dependency theory
overemphasis on economic factors, historical view of development taken.
name the three types of region in the world systems theory
core, semi-periphery and periphery
when did the dependency theory come about
1960s
who was a major proponent of the modernisation theory
Walt W Rostow
are the groups in the world systems theory fixed or flexible
flexible
whose work led to the emergence of the worlds system theory and when
Immanuel Wallerstein, 1974
give the main ideas of the world systems theory
capitalist exploitation of the periphery from the perspective of the core, whole world as a single capitalist economy based on international division of labour, countries progress at different times
what do the dependency and world systems theories have in common
common emphasis on global analysis, similar assumptions, emphasis on diff. political dynamics
problems with the world systems theory
focus on state-level action, difficult to test, nationalisation of firms can actually have negative effects on long-run patterns of economic growth
explain neoclassical theory
market ensures more efficient allocation of resources, underdevelopment is internally induced, government is at fault for lack of development, importance of free markets, privatisation and open economies
how have east asian countries acted as examples of neoclassical theory success
high levels of economic growth and improvements of living standards
criticisms/problems of neoclassical theory
many diff approaches in diff countries, government interventions in economy required, little difference to levels of poverty and inequality, no consideration of social and political, market support limited for poor and marginal commun.s
what is the developmental state approach
state and private sector have a shared role in the economy-> market works for economic developmental goals, bureaucratic structures based on meritocracy
what countrys’ ministry is an example of this?
Ministry of international trade and industry in Japan, this spread to other east asian countries
problem with the developmental state approach
cant always be transferred to other countries
name the four stages of marxist development
primitive communism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism/communism
criticisms of marxist theory
only western europe experiences and assumes other countries would follow a similar path
name the proponent of neo-marxist theory and when the ideas came about
Paul Baran, mid twentieth century
give the main ideas of the neo-marxist theory
the world economy is dominated by large companies, poorer countries are being exploited, govs of poorer countries should prevent funds being siphoned out for profit, poor countries should leave the capitalist system
name two proponents of the spatial dimensions approach
albert hirschmann and gunnar myrdal
explain theories of albert hirschmann
development spreads to diff regions but is spatially unbalanced, should allow spatial concentration of economic development whose growth will eventually spread to periphery
name the book by albert hirschmann and date
the strategy of economic development 1958
name the book by gunnar myrdal and date
economic theory and underdeveloped regions, 1957
explain the theories of gunnar myrdal
spatial polarisation will not be reversed after a certain level of development, advocate for strong state policy based on the countrys context, cumultative causation
what is cumultative causation
a change in one form of an institution will lead to successive changes in other institutions.
what is gunnar myrdal’s core-periphery idea
developed core surrounded by an underdeveloped periphery
criticisms of gunnar myrdal
thought mainly focused on economic growth, no info on how planning mechanisms could be achieved
when did the critical perspective theories come about
1970s
main ideas of the critical perspectives theories
highlight cultural and ethical dimensions, critique eurocentric ideas, postmodern and postcolonial, include social and human security dimensions to development
what are subaltern studies
identifying colonial populations that ho are socially, politically, and geographically excluded from the hierarchy of power of an imperial colony
idea of sustainable development
meet the needs of the present without compromising the future, create equality and meet diverse needs, focus on society, environment, culture and economy
