Theories of Crime-COGNITIVE

Question 1

Rational choice

Answer 1

weighing the potential risks against the rewards

Question 2

Intelligence

Answer 2

association low ability/education

poor learning so takes risks; less able to avoid detection:lower earning power

Question 3

IQ

Answer 3

only weakly related to criminality and environmental influences are stronger

Question 4

anger

Answer 4

cognitive bias in appraising the precipitating event as trigger, then poor self regulation

CANT STOP SELF

Question 5

circumstances rather than the person

Answer 5

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION -association with criminals learn attitude and how to commit crime

SUBCULTURAL DELINQUENCY -
problems at home and school leading to associating with gangs to achieve status, self-esteem and belonging.

Question 6

social learning theory

Answer 6

SLT is behaviour that has been witnessed and then is copied

Question 7

FARRINGTON (2004)

Answer 7

Theory of delinquent development

Question 8

AIMS

Answer 8

-to document the start, duration and end of offending behaviour from childhood to adulthood in families

=to investigate the influence of life events; the risk and protective factors predicting offending and antisocial behaviour; the intergenerational transmission of offending and antisocial behaviour and the influence of family background.

Question 9

DESIGN

Answer 9

a prospective longitudinal survey

data was gathered through interviews at age 48 and searches of criminal records

Question 10

PARTICIPANTS

Answer 10

based on 411 boys

aged 8 and 9

were born in 1953/4

6 state schools in East London

predominatley white working class

397 different families were involved and there were 14 pairs of brothers and 5 pairs of twins

at age 48, of the 394 males still alive, 365 were interviewed (93%)

Question 11

RESULTS

Answer 11

t ge 48, of the 44 individuals searched in the criminal records, 161 had convictions

the number of offences and offenders peaked at age 17, closely followed by age 18

those who started criminal careers at age 10-13 were nearly all re-convicted at least once and committed 9 crimes on average compared with an average of crimes if they started at 14-16

Question 12

CONCLUSIONS

Answer 12

farrington concludes that offenders tend to be deviant in many aspects of their lives.

early prevention that reduces offending could have wide ranging benefits in reducing problems with accommodation, relationships, employment, alcohol, drugs and aggressive behaviours.

the most important risk factors are criminality in th family, poverty, impulsiveness, poor child rearing and poor school performance.

Question 13

INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION

Answer 13

the occurrence of criminal behaviour through successive generations of the same family

Question 14

RISK FACTORS

Answer 14

those factors that make it more likely that criminal behaviour will occur.

Question 15

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Answer 15

those factors that will prevent criminal behaviour

Question 16

CRITERIA OF LIFE SUCCESS

Answer 16

a set of nine criteria that are used to judge whether someone has successfully turned away from crime, they include: no drug use in the last 5 years, no self reported offence etc.