Theories of B change Flashcards
Why is changing B hard?
- B ingrained through habit
- B is complicated - appreciate no. of contributing factors (individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions)
- B influenced by external environment
- PA is unlike other health B because it should be repeated several times per week, requires considerable effort and time commitment, places the body in an aversive state and produces variable affective responses
What are the 6 common errors of B change as noted by Kelly and Barker (2016)
- It’s just common sense - if humans engage in bad B this doesn’t make them change it
- It’s about getting the message across
- Knowledge and information drive behaviour - if just target population by telling them the pros and cons isn’t enough to change B
- People act rationally - assumption of gaining info and critically appraising is a norm
- People act irrationally - people act on feelings, make judgements that may not be in best interest
- It is possible to predict accurately - not possible to predict B in certain situation
List some barriers to B change in relation to PA
Time
Physical environment
Motivation
Poor physical health
Stress
List some motivations for B change
Enjoyment
Sense of challenge
Social motives
Fitness
Health
Give a barrier associated with older age
Poor physical health
Give a motivator associated with young, and old age
Young - tend to be motivated by challenge and demonstrate physical prowess
Older - tend to be motivated by health
What motives are often endorsed by women?
Weight control and appearance
What is a common core attribute of the B change theories?
All stem from origins of cognitive psychology - emphasising the importance of imagined end states (desired B or goals) and individuals acting in a rational manner to achieve these
Why focus on B change theories?
Theoretical models enable us to build knowledge and understand how and why people might be motivated to exercise
Interventions that are underpinned by theoretically-driven behaviour change models are more successful and lead to longer lasting changes - Michie and Abraham (2004)
What are the big 4 B change theories?
- The Transtheoretical Model
- The Theory of Planned Behaviour
- Self-efficacy Theory
- Self-determination Theory
What is self-efficacy?
A construct developed within Bandura’s Social CognitiveTheory
It defines the individual’s belief in their own capability to perform a specific task or achieve a particular goal
Typically domain-specific beliefs - different confidence levels in different areas of life
What are the 5 self-efficacy outcomes
- Goal setting - more likely to set challenging goals
- Effort and persistence - more effort and persist in face of obstacles/ setbacks
- Choice of activities - influences choice
- Emotional reactions - experience positive emotions during success which reinforce belief in ability
- Performance accomplishments - associated with greater task-performance
Give some sources of self-efficacy
Performance accomplishments - strongest source
Vicarious experiences (modelling)
Verbal persuasion
Imaginal experiences
Physiological states
Emotional states
What are some limitations of self-efficacy?
- Is the confidence required to begin exercise different to that required to adhere?
- Is self-efficacy stable overtime?
- How do sociocultural factors influence confidence?
What are the basic psychological needs stated by Deci and Ryan (2000) that drive humans?
Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness
What are examples of need-supportive elements in SDT?
Autonomy support (Black and Deci, 2000) - individuals’ feelings and perspectives; encourages choice and initiative
Structure (Reeve, 2002) - provides clear guidance, consistent expectations, and timely and informative feedback
Interpersonal involvement (Deci and Ryan, 1991) - edicates psychological resources, such as time and energy, to interact in a way which offers individuals affection, warmth, and care
What are examples of need-thwarting elements in SDT?
Lack of control
Authoritarian (Bartholomew et al, 2010) - coerces individuals’ to think and behave in certain ways. Controlling contexts are theorised to induce a shift in perceived locus of causality from internal to external. The loss of control undermines and thwarts individuals’ basic needs and self-determined motivations, contributing to the development of more controlled motivations
According to SDT, what happens when the three basic psychological needs are satisfied?
individuals experience greater intrinsic motivation, psychological wellbeing and overall life satisfaction
What are the three types of motivation on the SDT continuum?
- Amotivation
- Extrinsic motivation (external regulation, introjection, identification, integration)
- Intrinsic motivation
Why is extrinsic motivation (SDT) not all bad?
- Better than amotivation
- Can co-exist with intrinsic motivation
- Powerful for initiating B - PI unlikely to be intrinsically motivated to exercise
Give a supporting study of SDT and PA promotion
Teixeira et al (2012)
- Consistent support for positive relationship between more autonomous forms of motivation and exercise
- Trends towards identifying regulation predicting initial adoption more strongly than intrinsic motivation
- Intrinsic motivation as a prediction of long-term exercise adherence
Give some criticisms of SDT
- Can be difficult to draw between stages of the continuum
- Contradictions on just three psychological needs - Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Application to exercise and PA needs refining (Teixeira et al, 2012)
What is theory of planned B (TPB)?
Ajzen and Madden (1986)
Proposes intention as the immediate antecedent of B - predicated by one’s attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of B control
Differentiate between ‘outcome value’ and ‘outcome belief’ in the TPB
outcome value - I really want to control my weight
outcome belief - exercise will help me control my weight
