Theories of Anesthesia

Question 1

Awareness is a _______ experience.

Answer 1

subjective

Question 2

What is consciousness versus responsiveness?

Answer 2

when you fully experience a stimulus, but not be able to respond (paralyzed but cant follow commands)

Question 3

describe the relationship between the thalamus and general anesthesia

Answer 3

thalamus is though to be an on/off switch for consciousness, metabolic depression

Question 4

what part of the brain synthesizes norepinephrine and activity is highest during waking consciousness?

Answer 4

locus ceruleus

Question 5

What part of the brain is a source of histamine?

Answer 5

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 6

what part of the brain is the “memory center”

Answer 6

medial temporal lobe

Question 7

Which brain structure is the main source of acetylcholine and is crucial during inhaled anesthesia?

Answer 7

Laterodorsal/Pedunculopontine Tegmentum

Question 8

Which memory system is associated with the recollection of autobiographical events and personal experiences?

Answer 8

Episodic memory

Question 9

True or False: The thalamus is solely responsible for consciousness, functioning as a simple on/off switch during anesthesia.

Answer 9

False. The thalamus is critical for consciousness and arousal, but its role is more complex than just an on/off switch, and it may play an active role in consciousness transitions.

Question 10

What is the difference between declarative and procedural memory?

Answer 10

Declarative memory involves the recall of facts and events that can be consciously described (e.g., episodic and semantic memory).

Procedural memory is related to the knowledge of how to perform tasks (e.g., riding a bike), which depends on the caudate nucleus.

Question 11

True or False: General anesthesia suppresses both explicit and implicit memory equally.

Answer 11

False. General anesthesia primarily suppresses explicit (episodic) memory, while implicit memory (unconscious memory) may still be preserved.

Question 12

What causes retrograde amensia?

Answer 12

Some medications along w/ acute stress and anxiety* can lead to retrograde amnesia

Question 13

how does propofol work regarding anesthetic effects/memory

Answer 13

selective gaba agonist ** very popular**, failure of consolidation

Question 14

how does pdex work regarding anesthetic effects/memory

Answer 14

selective alpha 2a adrenoceptor agonist (causes failure to encode)

Question 15

what does patient population is pdex really effective on?

Answer 15

pediatrics

Question 16

how does versed work regarding anesthetic effects/memory

Answer 16

benzo, amnestic effects, responds very similarly to propofol

Question 17

how many stages of anesthesia are there?

Answer 17

4

Question 18

Which phase of anesthesia involves the initial administration of drugs to start sedation?

Answer 18

Induction

Question 19

During which stage of anesthesia is it most challenging to master the process of waking the patient up?

Answer 19

Emergence

Question 20

The ____________ phase of anesthesia is focused on maintaining sedation at a desired level throughout the procedure.

Answer 20

Maintenance

Question 21

How many phases of anesthesia are there

Answer 21

3

Question 22

Which stage of anesthesia is characterized by the loss of consciousness but with possible involuntary movements and irregular breathing?

Answer 22

Stage 2: Excitement (Delirium)

Question 23

In which stage of anesthesia is the patient in a deep unconscious state, suitable for surgery, with regular breathing, no somatic/autonomic responses

Answer 23

Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia

Question 24

What occurs during Stage 1 of anesthesia?

Answer 24

Stage 1/Analgesia stage/ is when the patient begins to experience pain relief (analgesia) while still remaining conscious.

Question 25

What is Stage 4 of anesthesia?

Answer 25

Overdosage– apnea, blown pupils, hypotension (may die) whoops hehe

Question 26

General anesthesia interrupts ______/________.

Answer 26

consciousness/memory

Question 27

GABA has an inverse relationship with __________. GABA reduces neuronal excitability while __________ promotes wakefulness.

Answer 27

Acetylcholine

Question 28

What two types of surgery have highest likelihood of anesthesia awareness?

Answer 28

OB and Trauma

Question 29

What is the biggest take away from this chapter?

Answer 29

Too dense to be the first chapter for this class