THEORIES OF AGING

Question 1

about the physiological processes that occurs to all organisms that age

Answer 1

BIOLOGIC THEORIES

Question 2

Occurs randomly and accumulative overtime

Answer 2

STOCHASTIC

Question 3

Aging is predetermined and timed phenomena

Answer 3

NONSTOCHASTIC

Question 4

What are the 4 types of Stochastic theory

Answer 4

1. Error Theory
2. Free Radical Theory
3. Cross-linkage Theory
4. Wear and Tear Theory

Question 5

• Originally proposed in 1963
• Errors in the transcription in the DNA causing enzyme or protein duplication as not exact compromising its functional ability.

Answer 5

ERROR THEORY

Question 6

It is the byproduct of metabolism and can increase environmental pollutant.
This can accumulate and damage cell membrane.
Use of antioxidants to counter.

Answer 6

FREE RADICAL THEORY

Question 7

Connective tissues or Glycosylation Theory
Proteins becomes tangles and will accumulate overtime causing tissue to not function optimally.
Can be prevented by dietary restrictions.

Answer 7

CROSS-LINKAGE THOERY

Question 8

Proposed in 1882
Deterioration of cells due to overtime use.

Answer 8

WEAR AND TEAR THEORY

Question 9

What are the 3 types of Nonstochastic Theories

Answer 9

1. Programmed Theory
2. Immunity Theory
3. Gene/Biological Clock Theory

Question 10

Cells have a certain number of times they can divide. Once it reached its limit, signs of aging will be evident.
Also known as “human fibroblast replicative senescence model”

Answer 10

PROGRAMMED (HAYFLICK LIMIT) THEORY

Question 11

Diminution of the immune system cause by lower rate of T-cells.
This causes adults to be predisposed to diseases.

Answer 11

IMMUNITY THEORY

Question 12

“Genetic control theory”
- Cells have genetically programmed aging
code stored in organism’s DNA

Answer 12

GENE / BIOLOGICAL CLOCK THEORY

Question 13

Affects the hypothalamus and hormones in the body by decline or cessation.

Answer 13

NEUROENDOCRINE CONRTOL

Question 14

Basic Metabolic Rate is directly affected by age. Organisms with higher metabolic rate will have a shorter lifespan.

Answer 14

METABOLIC THEORY OF AGING (CALORIC RESTRICTIONS)

Question 15

The cells or mitochondrion will not produce the same level of energy. Also, as they deteriorate they may be harmful to our body.

Answer 15

MITOCHONDRIAL THEORY

Question 16

When the telomere, which protects the ends of the DNA, thins our or shortens, this will cause signs of agings.

Answer 16

TELOMERASE THEORY OF AGING

Question 17

This directly affects the hormones due to Thymic shrinking.

Answer 17

THYMIC-STIMULATING THEORY

Question 18

Decreased consumption of O2 due to the pituitary gland. This inhibits the thyroxine use that impacts calcium production.

Answer 18

DEATH HORMONE THEORY

Question 19

This explores the interrelationships, physical, political, environmental, and socioeconomic states.

Answer 19

SOCIOLOGIC THOERIES OF AGING

Question 20

Give the 7 Sociologic Theories

Answer 20

1. Disengagement Theory
2. Activity Theory (Developmental Task)
3. Subculture Theory
4. Gerotranscendence Theory
5. Continuity Theory
6. Age Stratification Theory
7. Person-Environment Fit Theory

Question 21

Cumming and Henry - 1961
Older people tend to withdraw from society and wants to take things “slow”.

Answer 21

DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

Question 22

Havighurst, Neugarten, Tobin ~1963
Activity is necessary to maintain life satisfaction and a positive self-concept.

Answer 22

ACTIVITY THEORY (DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY)

Question 23

Rose- 1965
Older people tend to group together due to their commonalities they experience.

Answer 23

SUBCULTURE THEORY.

Question 24

Tornstam- 1994
Elders form a more rational outlook on life by using their life experiences. They are more concerned about maintaining relationships and their unity with the universe.

Answer 24

GEROTRANSCENDENCE THOERY

Question 25

A person will be the same throughout their life with the additional personal characteristics they developed as they age.

Answer 25

CONTINUITY THEORY

Question 26

Riley - 1985
Cohorts due to their age and stratified by class; age, race, and status.

Answer 26

AGE STRATIFICATION THEORY

Question 27

Lawton - 1982
Competencies to deal with the environment from motor skills to cognitive skills.

Answer 27

PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT THEORY

Question 28

This theories tackles the mental, emotional, attitude, motivational, and personality changes shaped by culture and experiences.

Answer 28

PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING

Question 29

Give the 6 theories under Psychologic Theory

Answer 29

1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
2. Jung’s Theory of Individualism
3. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life
4. Peck’s Expansion of Erikson’s Theory
5. Selective Optimization with Compensation
6. Life-Course/Lifespan Development Theory

Question 30

1954
How humans achieve self-actualization or transcendence by moving up stages.

Answer 30

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

Question 31

1960
Self-realization is the goal of personality development. As we age, we become a more spiritual being.

Answer 31

JUNG’S THEORY OF INDIVIDUALISM

Question 32

1993
These are the stages of life where we accomplish developmental tasks or resolve self-crises. Continued development of humans.

Answer 32

ERIKSON’S EIGHT STAGES OF LIFE

Question 33

Expansion of a theory by body and ego transcendence.

Answer 33

PECK’S EXPANSION THEORY

Question 34

Baltes- 1987
A person will find compensation for physical or cognitive decrease by selection, optimization and compensation.

Answer 34

SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION

Question 35

Role expectations or commonalities in a similar age group. Adapting to changes as we age.

Answer 35

LIFE-COURSE/LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Question 36

Human beings seek to explain and validate their existence in the
world. For many individuals, this occurs through their
development as moral and spiritual thinkers.

Answer 36

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL