Theories/ Models of Human Growth & Devlopment Flashcards
Theories
What is Structuralism- Introspection-
Wilhelm Wundt- Basic elements or structures which constitute the mind and the consciousness could be broken down into elements of sensation and feelings. Experience-emotions-understanding the experience- react behaviorally
Starting from what age? The development of a human being involves the interaction of inherited characteristics and learned experience.
The first two years of life.
What is Functionalism
Humans first experience a situation and then the emotional reaction occurs. Mental states (thoughts and behavior) arise because of functional role in adaptation to the individual’s environment.William James
What theory is Sigmund Freud know for?
Psychoanalytic theory personal
What are the 3 levels of consciousness?
1- Conscious- mental activities of which we are fully aware;
2- Preconscious- feelings, thoughts and ideas of which we are not fully aware but can bring to our awareness relatively easily- conscious level;
3- Unconscious- feelings, thoughts, memories and desires of which we are unaware.
What does the ID (Pleasure principle- structure of personality) do?
Operates upon the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of instinctual urges with no regard for anything or anyone else. For ex; new born. Only part of personality present at birth- unconscious.
What does the Ego (Reality principle- structure of personality)?
Operates on the reality principle and is aware of the individual’s needs, as well as the realities of the real world. Gain gratification in a socially acceptable manner. Has defenses designed to keep the anxiety level of the individual to a manageable level by keeping anxiety- producing impulse out of consciousness.
What is the role of the Superego (Morality principle- structure of personality)?
Arise from the ego and over time adopts values from his/ her environment and a belief about what constitutes good and bad.
What are the Psychosexual Stages of development?
Stage 1- Oral Stage (birth- 1) the primary erotic zone is the mouth which the infant uses as a means of investigating the world.
Stage 2- Anal Stage (2-3yrs) focus on teaching the child control over bowel and urinary functions.
Stage 3- Phallic Stage (3-6yrs) the time when the penis, clitoris, and vulva become sources of erotic pleasure.
Stage 4- Latency period (6-11yrs) sexual feelings continue to be repressed and the superego maintains parental standards. (Failure to satisfactorily negotiate this stage may lead to discomfort with members of the opposite sex in adulthood, avoidance of intimacy or aggressive, emotionally detached sexual activity.)
Stage 5- Genital Stage (12yrs- adulthood) when there is greater development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and the primary focus of erotic pleasure is the genitals.
What is Alfred Adler known for?
Individual psychology
What is Personality Development?
Human beings begin in a state of inadequacy or inferiority and have a basic drive toward self-actualization or superiority. An individual must be seen in relation to his environment and is not composed of an id, ego and superego. A degree of functioning successfully in groups (family, work, society) is the primary indicator of an individual’s wellness. Birth order of a child, physical problems, pampering, and neglect all have a significant impact on the development of personality. Children develop a self-image or “fiction” about themselves which influences how children interpret and respond to events in their lives.
Methods of psychoanalysis?
The SW’s task is to help an individual identify dysfunctional “fictions” and to develop a new more positive self-image and life goals.
Data collection- assessing the patient’s drive toward self-perfection, degree of activity and interest in contribution to the greater good of society.
Psychoanalysis- non-authoritarian, have equal patient- SW interaction, have engaged empathy as the goal in the therapeutic relationship and focus on the daily life experiences of the Clt.
What did John B. Watson develop?
The child had no fear of the rat or the rabbit until he was conditioned and therefore, parents could shape the behavior of their children through stimulus- responding conditioning- AKA- Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov is known for what?
Classical Response Conditioning
What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
Meat powder presented to the dogs tht resulted in the unconditioned or innate response of salivation
What is Unconditioned Response?
The salvation of dogs whn presented with the unconditioned stimulus of the meat powder
What is Conditioned Stimulus?
Dogs learned to respond to the ringing of a bell because the bell had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of the meat powder.
What is Conditioned Response?
Dogs learned response to the ringing of the bell was salivation.
Jean Piaget is know for what?
Cognitive Development
What is Assimilation?
A way of learning whereby a person incorporates aspects of his or her environment into an existing thought structure
What is Accommodation?
Refers to the modifying current thought structure to incorporate a new perceived feature of the environment.
What is Stage 1- Sensorimotor?
Birth- 2yrs- infant’s knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Skills and abilities are utilized from looking, sucking, grasping, & listening.
Substage 1- Impulsive and Reflex action?
Actions are taken for their own sake. Ex. Sucking
Substage 2- Primary Circular Actions?
Repetitive actions that are combined over time. Ex. Looking at and touching a stuffed animal
Substage 3- Practicing Secondary Circular or Repetitive Actions for their consequences?
Pushing a bowl repeatedly off the high chair to be picked up by parents
Substage 4- Coordinating Secondary Schemes- apply to new situations?
Child experiments with goal-directed behavior. Ex. Taking the lid off a box to retrieve a toy placed inside.
Substage 5- Tertiary circular Actions/ Continuation of Experimentation with more variability?
Child shows increased flexibility and creativity in previously acquired behaviors and skills. Ex. Experimenting with dropping toys and other objects to observe the effect.
Substage 6- Invention through mental combinations?
Child increasingly experiments internally and object permanence is fully developed; child understands that an object does not cease to exist when out of sight
What is Stage 2- Pre-operational?
2-7yrs- Children use new abilities to represent objects in a wide variety of activities. Using objects to represent something in a play and/or pretend manner.
Ex. A box as a car or banana as a phone
Stage 3- Concrete Operations?
7-11yrs- Children begin thinking logically and are able to utilize their new cognitive skills of reversibility and de-centration to think about the steps of a process in any order.
Ex. They understand that if they pour water from a wide glass to a tall, thin glass the amount of water stays the same
Stage 4- Formal Operations?
11- adulthood, if achieved at all. Young person now has the ability to reason not only about tangible objects and events, but also about hypothetical or abstract ones. Rational thinking & abstract reasoning.
Lev Vygotsky what did he develop?
Child development
What is Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)?
Believed that a child will excel w/ the assistance than learning on their own.
What is the Learning Process in Children?
Culture and social envrmnt provide guidance and support in the learning process; Human behavior is not exclusively regulated by stimulus and response conditions; Consists of parents, teachers, other significant persons of influence providing support tools thru modeling, questioning, prompting and suggesting strategies to children so they are to accomplish tasks tht thy may not be able to on their own.
What is the child’s use of language?
Words/ labels in the learning process enables the child to more readily form concepts and therefore engage in the thinking process. Vital to the transmission of culture, voluntary self- regulation, and the thinking process.
An unproductive classroom setting is one where students remain in their own seats, read a book, memorize facts and then take a test.
What theory is Kurt Lewin know for?
Social psychology
Lewin’s Equation for Behavior B=f(P.E)?
Nature (inborn tendencies) and nurture (environmental experience) interact with the shaping of individuals
What is Force field analysis?
Work focused on identifying “helping forces”, which drive ppl toward a goal, and “hindering forces”, whch block movement toward a goal.
What are the 3 styles Leadership climates?
Usually associated with groups or management.
- Authoritarian- who tend to make most of the decisions, use their power to demand support.
- Democratic- everyone working together.
- Laissez-faire- a leader who lets staff make their won decision
Anna Freud, what defense mechanisms?
Ego defense mechanism
What is Ego defense mechanisms?
Unconscious strategies used by the ego to minimize distress caused by the conflicting demands of the id and superego.
Ego defense mechanisms- Compensation
Is seeking of success in one area of life as a substitute for success in another area of life that has been limited because of personal or environmental barriers. Ex. Disabled athlete becomes a computer expert.
Ego defense mechanisms- Conversion
Transformation of anxiety into a physical dysfunction, such as paralysis or blindness whch has no physiological basis. Ex. Seizures as a defense against ongoing abuse
Ego defense mechanisms- Denial
Is refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality because to do so would result in overwhelming anxiety. Ex. An individual who manifested symptoms of cancer but refuse to accept the diagnosis bc he/she could not face the truth
Ego defense mechanisms- Displacement
Shifting of negative feelings one has about a person or situation onto a different person or situation. Ex. A husband who was angry with his boss and then berated his wife when he came home.
Ego defense mechanisms- Identification
Anxiety is handled thru identifying with the person or thing producing the anxiety. Ex. Patty Hearst identifying and supporting her kidnappers- abduction case in 1974
Ego defense mechanisms- Isolation of Affect
Painful feelings are separated from the incident that triggered them initially. Ex. An individual who was in a serious automobile accident but expressed no emotion regarding the accident.
Ego defense mechanisms- Intellectualization
Reasoning is used to block difficult feelings. Removing one’s emotion frm a stressful event. Ex. A wife refers to her husband’s heart attack in the medical terminology rather than expressing her emotions.
Ego defense mechanisms- Projection
One’s own negative characteristics are denied and instead seen as being characteristics of someone else. Ex. An individual criticizes her mother for being a perfectionist when she herself is extremely compulsive about having every detail correct.
Ego defense mechanisms- Rationalization
A person substitutes a more socially acceptable, logical reason for an action rather than identifying the real motivation. Ex. An individual who states that she is unable to attend a family outing because she has a work project that she has to complete, when she really does not want to attend.
Ego defense mechanisms- Reaction Formation
Certain people act in the entirely opposite way than how they really want to behave. Ex. An individual who expresses support for a particular racial group when the individual actually has a strong negative feelings about tht group.
