Theories In Pop Culture

Question 1

A theory that holds ‘culture’ as its central foundation

Answer 1

Culturalism

Question 2

Culturalism is an approach aiming to eliminate ______

Answer 2

dualisms

Question 3

can be defined as a belief system that emphasizes the importance of culture in shaping human experience and behavior.

Answer 3

Culturalism

Question 4

According to culturalism,_______ is not simply a set of static customs or practices but an active force that shapes individual and collective identities and social, political, and economic outcomes.

Answer 4

culture

Question 5

_________ holds that culture is not an objective reality that can be measured or quantified but rather a subjective experience shaped by social, historical, and political factors.

Answer 5

Culturalism

Question 6

is not something people inherit or acquire passively; rather, it is something that people actively create and recreate through everyday practices and interactions.

Answer 6

Culture

Question 7

For________, culture expresses meanings and values (structure of feeling) and through cultural analysis, it is possible to clarify them

Answer 7

Raymond Williams

Question 8

_______is a method for understanding what a culture is expressing by analyzing its cultural expressions and therefore reconstructing and interpreting a particular way of life.

Answer 8

Cultural analysis

Question 9

3 levels of culture acc to Raymond Williams

Answer 9

Lived culture
Period culture
Culture of selective tradition

Question 10

: Experienced by people in their day to-day life in a specific place and at a particular time / Access through the documentary record of the culture.

Answer 10

Lived culture

Question 11

: It is the recorded culture that includes products and daily facts from a culture.

Answer 11

Period culture

Question 12

: It is the one that connects the previous types of culture.

Many factors such as the interests and values of the dominant class influenced the selection of the texts chosen for understanding the lived culture.

Answer 12

Culture of the selective tradition

Question 13

perceived an inextricable link between individuals and their culture, which maintained that individuals were determined by, and unable to leave, their own culture, and could only realize themselves within it

Answer 13

Culturalism

Question 14

This ‘________’ assumes that culture determines the individual through and through;

that cultures are endlessly diverse but internally_______;

that culture shapes the world view of the individual so he is unable to understand other cultures;

that it makes universal human rights_______;

the presumption of universal human rights would suppress individual cultures, and that culture in this sense forms the basis for the common life of different people, their so-called “__________”.

Answer 14

culturalism

homogeneous

impossible

multiculturalism

Question 15

is a social, economic, and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, leading to the uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in society.

Answer 15

Marxism

Question 16

stimulates the workers to protest the injustice.

Answer 16

Marxism

Question 17

Marxism

The theory was formulated by (2) in their work, ‘_______’.

Answer 17

Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels

The Communist Manifesto

Question 18

is one of the most significant theories and a philosophy that has contributed much to the modern world.

Helped the working class to question the injustice enforced upon them through their wages, lifestyle, and oppression.

Answer 18

Marxism

Question 19

It is considered as the beginning of progress and evolution.

Answer 19

Marxism

Question 20

_______believed that instilling his ideology in the minds of people like him, would one day make the world, an ^ideal classless society.*

Answer 20

Marx

Question 21

Marxism

Brings social and economic revolution due to the exploitation of the working class in the______ system.

Answer 21

capitalist

Question 22

_________, where the labor community (Proletariat) worked their lives off only for the ruling class (Bourgeoisie) to profit from them.

Answer 22

Capitalism

Question 23

This is the stage where Mark and Engels compile a ‘Communist manifesto’ from their plight as workers for the_______

Answer 23

Capitalism

British Factory owners

Question 24

______was held by a minority (the elite or bourgeoisie) who had access to capital and could use their money and power to generate more wealth

Answer 24

Power

Question 25

*The majority of the population (the mass or proletariat) had only their_____ (strength and time) to help them make a living

Answer 25

labor

Question 26

*_______ meant that the elite were the only ones who had access to the means of production

Answer 26

Industrialization

Question 27

Marxism

Without the ability to produce for themselves, the masses were dependent on the____ for survival

Answer 27

elite

Question 28

*To maximize profits, the elite needed to get as much labor from the masses for as little_____ as possible

Answer 28

cost

Marxism

Question 29

*The elite needed the masses to accept their position as powerless workers

Answer 29

Marxism

Question 30

______discovered that mass media influence society greatly and molds the mass culture.

Answer 30

Marx

Question 31

Mass media is controlled by the____

Answer 31

ruling class

Question 32

*Ideas that are not in favor of the majority class are been imposed on them.

*Private ownership of media does not allow the press to function freely.

Answer 32

Marxist theory

Question 33

*The state should have total control of the media.

*Media should not be affected by any social, political, or economic forces.

*Media should only be used to educate the masses.

Answer 33

Marxist theory

Question 34

*Marx wanted the media to work for the benefit of the poor who were the majority.

*The inefficiency of the state official should be highlighted by the media

Answer 34

Marxist theory

Question 35

_________ says that we cannot trust the media, because they are run by the people in power, and therefore maintain the status quo, rather than being agents for change.

Answer 35

Marxist media theory

Question 36

Swiss linguist,_________ believed_____ derived meaning through their “differences” and “groupings, since “we do not communicate through isolated signs” signs gained their meaning from their relationships with other signs in the language system.

Answer 36

Ferdinand de Saussure

signs

Question 37

is a way of approaching texts and practices that are derived from the theoretical work of Ferdinand de Saussure.

Answer 37

Structuralism

Question 38

Based on this claim, Saussure suggests that______ is not the result of an essential correspondence between signifiers and signified; it is rather the result of differences and relationships.

Answer 38

meaning

Question 39

Saussure’s is a_____ theory of language.

Answer 39

relational theory

Question 40

Meaning is produced not through a one-to-one relation to things in the world, but by establishing______.

Answer 40

differences

Question 41

Structuralists argue that______
organizes and constructs our sense of reality – different _____ in effect produce different mappings of the real.

Answer 41

language

Question 42

_______ refers to the system of language, the rules, and the conventions that organize it.

Answer 42

Langue

Question 43

This is language as a social institution, and as______ (1967) points out, ‘it is essentially a collective contract which one must accept in its entirety if one wishes to communicate

Answer 43

Roland Barthes

Question 44

refers to the individual utterance, the individual use of language.

Answer 44

Parole

Question 45

Saussure compares language to the game of____.

Here we can distinguish between the rules of the game and an actual game of chess.

Without the body of rules, there could be no actual game, but it is only in an actual game that these rules are made manifest.

Therefore, there is langue and parole, structure, and performance.

It is the homogeneity of the structure that makes the heterogeneity of the performance possible.

Answer 45

chess

Question 46

Two theoretical approaches to linguistics (Saussure):

Answer 46

Diachronic
Synchronic

Question 47

, which studies the historical development of a given language

Answer 47

Diachronic approach

Question 48

______, which studies a given language in one moment in time

Answer 48

Synchronic approach

Question 49

Saussure argues that to find a science of linguistics it is necessary to adopt a_______ approach.

Structuralists have taken the_____ approach to the study of texts or practices.

They argue that in order to really understand a text or practice it is necessary to focus exclusively on its structural properties.

Answer 49

synchronic

Question 50

Approach to media analysis which borrows its principles from linguistics (the study of language).

Answer 50

Structuralism

Question 51

considers the relationships (structures) between signs to be more important than what a sign may mean on its own

Answer 51

Structuralism

Question 52

In order, to understand culture and how the world works, you should analyze the______ that determine our experiences and behavior.

It is also important to look at the relationships and connections between the different _______ to fully appreciate their influence on our lives.

Answer 52

structures

Structuralism

Question 53

By analyzing the connections between media texts, we can develop general conclusions about the wider cultural context. This approach to studying the world is called_______.

Answer 53

structuralism

Question 54

A political movement concerned with women’s oppression and the ways and means to empower women

Answer 54

Femininism

Question 55

______(1989) describes it as ‘finding a voice

Answer 55

Hooks

Feminism

Question 56

As________ (1982) points out, ‘Cultural politics are crucially important to feminism because they
involve struggles over meaning

Answer 56

Michèle Barrett

Question 57

(2009) makes much the same point,
‘Feminists approaching popular culture proceed from a variety of theoretical positions that carry with them a deeper social analysis and political agenda’.

Answer 57

Lana Rakow

Question 58

Four Types of Feminism

Answer 58

Radical
Marxist
Liberal
Dual-systems theory

Question 59

______ argue that women’s oppression is the result of the system of patriarchy, a system of domination in which men as a group have power over women as a group

Answer 59

Radical feminists

Question 60

analysis of the ultimate source of oppression is capitalism. The domination of women by men is seen because of capital’s domination over labor.

Answer 60

Marxist feminist

Question 61

________differs from both Marxist and radical feminists in that it does not posit a system – patriarchy or capitalism – determining the oppression of women.

Answer 61

Liberal feminism

Question 62

_______, it tends to see the problem in terms of male prejudice against women, embodied in law or expressed in the exclusion of women from specific areas of life.

Answer 62

Liberal feminism

Question 63

represents the coming together of Marxist and radical feminist analysis in the belief that women’s oppression is the result of a complex articulation of both patriarchy and capitalism.

Answer 63

Dual-systems theory

Question 64

is a complex issue.

It can be used to describe a type of feminism, a theoretical position within feminism, and a tendency in contemporary popular culture

Answer 64

Post-feminism

Question 65

__________(2004) is much less optimistic about the ‘success’ of feminism.

What has really happened, she argues, is that much contemporary popular culture actively undermines the feminist gains of the 1970s and 1980s.

However, this should not be understood as a straightforward ‘backlash’ against feminism. Rather it is undermining feminism’s works by acknowledging feminism while at the same time suggesting that it is no longer necessary in a world where women have the freedom to shape their own individual life courses.

Answer 65

Angela McRobbie

Question 66

In post-feminist popular culture, feminism features as history: (3)

Answer 66

aged, uncool, and redundant.

Question 67

The acknowledgment of feminism, therefore, is only to demonstrate that it is no longer relevant.

In place of the feminist movement, we are given instead the successful individual woman, embodying both the redundancy of feminism and the necessity of individual effort.

This dual action of acknowledgment and dismissal is found in many aspects of_________.

Answer 67

post-feminist popular culture

Question 68

To really understand the post-feminist popular culture it needs to be situated in relation to________ and to_______ discourses of choice and individualism (‘the market has the answer to every problem).

Answer 68

de-traditionalization

neoliberal

Question 69

The first suggests that women are now freed from traditional feminine identities, and thus enabled to self-reflexively invent new roles,

while the second claims that the free market, with its imperative of consumer choice, is the best mechanism to fully enable new female identity constructions.

Answer 69

De-traditionalization

Neoliberal

Question 70

As Paul Burston and Colin Richardson (1995) explain,

‘provides a discipline for exploring the relationships between lesbians, gay men and the culture which surrounds and (for the large part) continues to seek to exclude us

Answer 70

Queer theory

Question 71

by shifting the focus away from the question of what it means to be lesbian or gay within the culture, and onto the various performances of heterosexuality created by the culture, _______ seeks to locate Queerness in places that had previously been thought of as strictly for the straights’.

Answer 71

Queer Theory

Question 72

part of the project of_____ is to attack the very “naturalness” of gender and, by extension, the fiction supporting compulsory heterosexuality.

Answer 72

Queer

Question 73

It is a way of thinking that dismantles traditional assumptions about gender and sexual identities, challenges traditional academic approaches, and fights against social inequality

Answer 73

Queer theory

Question 74

is the perspective that questions the perception that cisgender (a term used to describe a person whose gender identity corresponds to their sex assigned at birth) and heterosexual identities are in any sense ‘standard

Answer 74

Queer theory

Question 75

_______ is a culture, which offers no position of ‘critical distance’;

it is a culture in which claims of ‘incorporation’ or ‘co-optation’ make no sense, as there is no longer a critical space from which to be incorporated or co-opted.

Answer 75

Postmodernism

Question 76

The thorough (2) of everyday life is what marks postmodernism off from previous socio-cultural moments.

Answer 76

‘culturalization’ or ‘aestheticization’

Question 77

________is a realm we may enter in order to be refreshed and renewed in order to be able to continue with the ordinary affairs of everyday life.

The promises made with the emergence of capitalism out of feudalism, of a society to be based on equality, justice, and progress, were increasingly relegated from the world of the everyday to the realm of ‘______’ culture.

Answer 77

Affirmative culture

Question 78

Postmodern Society

Answer 78

● Highly pluralistic and diverse
● Circulation of images, myriad films, videos, and websites
● Everything: is constantly in flux (Bauman, 2007)
● Celebrates diversity: in multiculturalism, the plurality
of religions, lifestyles, identities, and discourses

Question 79

Postmodernism Challenges

Answer 79

● Religion
● (Non) sense of Absolute ‘Truth’
● Plurality of worldviews,
● Metanarratives; religion, science; only sensible to those who believe in it
● Lack of certainty; ambiguity
● Absurdity
● Illusions and delusions
● Deconstruction
● Multiple ontologies rather than universal meaning