Theories And Treatment Of Abnormality Flashcards by Naomi Li

Syndrome characterized by CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCE in an individuals cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development processes underlying mental functioning. Socially deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, dangerous you get the point.

mental disorder

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A period of illness affecting the body or mind (not permanent)

mental illness

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Prejudice and discrimination voiced or exercised consciously or not by occupational groups designated to provide assistance to stigmatized groups

Healthcare provider stigmma

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Opinions language phrasing thats societally accepted but not understanding of actual issues

mostly in speaking and everyday language

Social stigma

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what my MOM is scared of. YOULL BRING TO SHAME TO THE FMAILY!!!

Family stigma

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Widespread myths about mental health symbols and mental health that act as a instance to obtaining professional help

cultural stigma

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Internalized cultural and social stigma you apply to yourself that prevent you from accepting yourself and getting help

self stigma

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The study with the pseudo patients who claimed to have schizophrenia and then presented healthily in the hospital were still considered schizophrenic, just with symptoms in remission. This is an example of __________ (2) stigma

healthcare provider stigma

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Set of ideas that provides a FRAMEWORK for questioning, gathering and interpreting information about a phenomenon

theory

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well developed, operationally defined articulation of how illness works

Full theory

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TREATMENTS that target the CAUSAL factors of psychological disorders - based on theory that addresses the factors the theory says the disorder is based on

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Theories come from research or ______ practice

Clinical

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1840s

kinda the start of documenting psychological disorders

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1952 or 1950s

DSM-1

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1968

DSM-II

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In this DSM version mental illness was described as an excuse for bad behaviour

but also there was more biological, social, and observational data -> interaction between individual and environment = mental disorder

DSM-II

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1974

homosexuality removed as mental disorder from DSM-II yay

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1980

DSM-III

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generally there was a new DSM every _______ years

6-10 years

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This new update of the DSM focused on standardization of assessment and diagnosis to make the DSM WORLDWIDE - also released in 1980

DSM-III

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ICD stands for

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

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1994

“Mental retardation” changed to “Intellectual Disability”

DSM-IV

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2013

DSM-V

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The identification of a group of symptoms that have research evidence to support treatment goals

diagnosis

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DEFINING ABNORMALITY APPROACHES (4):

Sociocultural Biological Psychological Biopsychosocial

Environmental conditions and cultural norms to describe abnormality

Sociocultural norms

Define abnormality by abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction

Biological approach

Disorders result of thinking processes personality styles emotions and conditioning (cognitive and behavioural)

Psychological approach

Combine sociocultural, biological, and psychological approach when defining abnormality

Biopsychosocial approach OPSYCHOSOCAL PSYCHOSOCIAL

Part of the forebrain involved with advance thinking processes

Cerebral cortex

Relay centre for cortex handling incoming and outgoing signals (forebrain)

Thalamus

FOREBRAIN REFGULATEN BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS - HUNGERTHIRST temperature homeostasis

Hypothalamus

Master gland that regulates other endocrine glands in forebrain

Pituitary gland

System of brain that has instinctual reactions. Reactions to stress

Limbic system

Limbic system AHH

- amygdala - fear react quickly exposure therapy activate amydala and train management of it - hippocampus - episodic memories - closely tied to amygdala - hypothalamus - reaching homeostasis

In exposure therapy, biologically, the goal is to activate and then tend to the ______ and ______ in the limbic system; activate the fear. And then learn how to manage it

Amygdala and hippocampus Fear + rxn + memory

System of glands that produces chemicals called hormones released directly into the blood

Endocrine system

The system that has to do with fight or flight would be the ______system

limbic system

The master gland controlling the secretion of hormones from the other endocrine glands

Pituitary gland

The ________ and ________ glands near the kidneys work together to regulate responses to stress.

Hypothalamus and adrenal glands regulate responses to stress

Malfunctioning of the _____________ (3) axis can cause anxiety and depression because stress is not being regulated properly and hormones aren’t being secreted properly

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis

Chronic _______ can cause ________ in the neurotransmitter and endocrine systems

Chronic stress can cause disregulation in the neurotransmitter and endocrine systems - basically, stress messes with your hormones

2 branches of genetic abnormalities

Polygenic - genes combined create disorders Epigenetics - interactions between genes and environment

Biological approach to abnormality that suggests many genes come together to create disorders

Polygenic

Biological approach to abnormality that suggests interactions between genes and the environment lead to disorders - eg: siblings/twins raised in different environments different behaviours and precedence of mental disorders

Epigenetics

Polygenic vs. Epigenetics is basically nature vs. Nurture (Epigenetics does have a bit of both though)

Medications alter functioning of neurotransmitter systems - therapeutic effects but have side effects - can’t have treatment without side effects

drug therapies

Types of Brain stimulation techniques: brain stimulation techniques are used for _______ resistant patients

treatment resistant - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) - deep brain stimulation - vague nerve stimulation

Destroying small parts of the brain thought to be involved in patient’s symptoms

Psychosurgery

Biochemical imbalances in depression

neurotransmitter disregulation, serotonin reuptake degradation, not enough serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine

GO OVER LINKS IN SLIDES

Type of behaviour psychological approach that explains seemingly irrational responses to a host of neutral stimuli - treatment targets associations made between emotions and stimuli

Classical conditioning

Shape new behaviours through reward and punishment - reward desirable behaviours and punish undesirable behaviours

Operant conditioning

Form of operant conditioning schedule used for teaching and learning a behaviour - shows uptick in positive behaviour but eventually the reward becomes less satisfying with every instance of rewarding behaviour - so good as a start but not as good for keeping up the behaviour

continuous reinforcement schedule

Form of operant conditioning schedule that people switch to from continuous reinforcement schedule; it maintains the behaviour because sometimes you get the reward and sometimes you don’t so the inconsistency of the reward motivates you to keep trying

partial reinforcement schedule

Reinforcer stops being given for behaviour leads to decrease in behaviour - this leads to

Extinction

New behaviours are learned by imitating the behaviours modeled by important people

modelling - ineffective for people with ADHD

Person observes the rewards and punishments that another person receives and then behaves according

observational learning (Very similar to vicarious conditioning)

Type of behavioural therapy that makes a situation or stimulus that was once reinforcing no longer reinforcing

aversion therapy

type of behavioural therapy exercise in which you help an individual voluntarily distract from physiological manifestations of anxiety

Relaxation exercises

Type of behavioural therapy in which you temporarily distract from anxiety-producing situations; divert attention from physiological manifestations of anxiett

Distraction techniques (lol penny tries to use this on me)

Type of behavioural therapy that exposes individual to dreaded or feared stimulus all at once while preventing avoidant behaviour

flooding

Type of behavioural therapy that pairs the implementation of relaxation techniques with hierarchical exposure to the aversive stimulus - starting small, and gradually going up the ladder until you can face the bigger fear

systematic desensitization

COGNITIVE techniques combined with BEHAVIOURAL techniques focused on connection thoughts, emotions, and behaviours around a triggering event

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Free association and the unconscious; interpersonal therapy is a shorter more focused version of this

psychodynamic therapy

Self efficacy vs. Self actualization

Self-efficacy - belief in your ability Self-actualization - realizing your potential

Self-actualization (helping client realize their potential) and client centred therapy

Humanistic therapy

Type of therapy in which thoughts, behaviours and emotions all affect each other in a cycle - identify dysfunctional belief systems and change thought process over time - have realistic and alternate thoughts

Cognitive behavioural therapy

2 types of emotion-focused third-wave approaches (both involve mindfulness)

DBT - dialectical behavioural therapy - manage and control thoughts/mindfulness ACT - acceptance and commitment therapy - acknowledge and accept circumstances, commit to improving circumstances

______________ risk factors, like class, genetics, temperament social status, gender, religion, and ethnicity can increase the risk of multiple types of psychological problems (Biopsychosocial)

Transdiagnostic risk factors

Risk factors and triggers/stresses come together in same individual, a full-blown disorder emerges. Biopsychosocial approach

diathesis-stress model

Diathesis-stress model vs. Vulnerability stress model

diathesis stress model - Biopsychosocial factors predispose you (genetics, personality, socioeconomic status) and then the disorder is brought about by Biopsychosocial stressors - eg: bio - exposure to toxins; social - loss; psychological - perceived loss of control vulnerability stress model - genetics brought out by stress

Disorder is not guaranteed - only happens if stress and trigger and trans-diagnostic risks combine

Diathesis-stress model