Midterm 2 (Somatic, Dissociative, Mood, Schizophrenia, Psychosis, Neurodevelopmental, Neurocognitive) Flashcards
1
Q
Cognitive distortion: if true in one case it applies to every case that’s similar -> failed my first stats exam so ill probably fail everyone after
A
overgeneralization
2
Q
Cognitive distortion in which you only take your failures and inadequacies into consideration
A
selective abstraction
3
Q
Cognitive distortion: feeling responsible for all bad things that happen to you or others
A
Taking excessive responsibility
4
Q
Cognitive distortion: if it’s true in the past it will always be true
A
assuming temporal causality
5
Q
Cognitive distortion: feeling like you’re the centre of attention and everyone is constantly focusing on your flaws
A
excessive self references
6
Q
Cognitive distortion: always thinking the worst will happen and being certain about that
A
catastrophizing
7
Q
cognitive distortion: seeing everything as either one extreme or another
A
dichotomous thinking
8
Q
One or more REAL somatic symptoms that are distressing - disproportionate thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms, extremely high anxiety, excessive fixation
- Basically, the symptoms are present and the patients actually feel them but they’re catastrophizing
- SINGLE or FEW symptoms
- keyword SYMPTOM
A
Somatic Symptom Disorder
9
Q
Preoccupation with having or acquiring a SERIOUS ILLNESS
- somatic symptoms may or may not be present, if present are actually quite mild
- excessive health-related behaviours, high level of anxiety about health
- severe impairment, always need reassurance
- HAS TO PERSIST FOR AT LEAST 6 MONTHS
A
illness anxiety
10
Q
Sudden loss of functioning in part of body usually following an extreme psychological stressor
A
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (FNSD)
11
Q
Displaying a physical illness falsely or telling other people someone has an illness or trying to induce symptoms of an illness in themselves or someone else (eg: taking poison) for the ONLY BENEFIT OF ATTENTION. No other reward but attention.
A
Factitious Disorder
12
Q
Exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives like avoiding military duty, work, getting financial compensation, etc.
Eg: faking DID to plead innocent for a crime; faking intellectual disability for financial support
A
malingering
13
Q
Disruption of identity - two or more personality states called alters; stems from severe trauma - dissociative fugue, can’t remember anything
A
Dissociative identity disorder (Moon Knight)
14
Q
Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting
- selective amnesia
- generalized amnesia for identity/life history
- defense mechanism
- escape and suppress stress
A
Dissociative amnesia
15
Q
Amnesia that occurs due to psychological factors:
- seldomly involves anterograde amnesia
- retrograde amnesia only for personal information
A
Psychogenic amnesia
16
Q
Feeling not attached to own body thoughts sensations - Out of body in a bad way
A
depersonalization
17
Q
feeling like the stuff around you isn’t real; visually distorted; in a dream nothing’s real
A
derealization
18
Q
Positive or negative emotional STATE of VARYING intensity that CHANGES in response to life’s circumstances
A
mood -
changes with the wind
19
Q
Self reported and expressed presentation of inner emotional state
A
Feelings
SELF EXPRESSED
20
Q
State of mind and degree of readiness to alter one’s experience related to changing circumstances
A
Emotion
Think alter experience -> motion setting things in motion
21
Q
How something relates to mood, feelings, or emotions
A
affective state
22
Q
Disorders that involve periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense sad mood
A
depressive disorders
23
Q
Unusually elevated sad mood; non typical expression of sadness
A
Dysphoria
24
Q
_______ is an integral part of all depressive disorders
A
dysphoria
25
Depressive symptoms lasting 2 weeks or more
Major depressive disorder
26
Postpartum crying irrationality fatigue usually ceasing within 2 weeks post delivery
peripartum MDD onset
27
History of at least 2 years in which major depressive episodes occur during one season of the year and stop when the season is over
seasonal affective disorder (i have this one)
28
Mild depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years
- mild depressed mood for most of the day for at least one year for children and adolescents
- can have MDD at the same time
Persistent Depressive Disorder
29
______ which used to be called dysthymia can be more difficult to manage becuase of its chronic impact
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
30
Significant increase in distress and dysphoria during the premenstrual (luteal phase)
- deadass felt like my last day on earth
- can be treated with SSRIs, birth control, anxiolytics (anxiety meds)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
31
Significant impairment in functioning characterized by intense longing and preoccupation with the deceased:
- identity disruption
- intense emotional pain
- can be expressed by emotional numbness
- sense of disbelief around the death
- avoidance of reminders (places, conversations) for at least 12 months
- 6 months for children
prolonged grief disorder
32
Chronic irritability and severe temper outbursts in children (6-18) that are grossly out of proportion in intensity and duration to a situaiton and inconsistent with the developmental level - basically immature overreacting i guess - only mood disorder that doesn’t actually have presentation of dysphoria
- needs to start at 6-10 years old to be diagnosed
DISRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER
(DMDD)
33
A state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, over-enthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech and impulsive actions
mania
34
Elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting more than one week: grandiosity, racing thoughts, impulsitivity, rapid speech, increase in activities, decreased need for sleep
Bascially mania
may or may not have depressive episodes; just need the above symptoms of mania for over a week to be diagnosed^^
Bipolar I
35
Severe depression with hypomania (less severe mania)
Bipolar II disorder
36
Less severe bipolar disorder symptoms but more chronic high-low fluctuations
cyclothymic disorder
37
numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode combined with numerous periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode for at least 2 years
- unpredictable and inconsistent fluctuations, but generally less intense and lengthy episodes
- person can’t be without the symptoms for more than 2 months at a time for diagnosis
- criteria for major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode have never been met
- flimsy bipolar….?
Cyclothymic Disorder
38
Bipolar disorders are theorized to be genetic or due to an altered structure of the _______ and _______. The _______, which is responsible for motor controls, executive functions and behaviours and emotions, also shows an abnormal response to rewards in the environment in these disorders.
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
basal ganglia
39
_________ demonstrates an intensity for goal-directed behaviour due to a greater sensitivity to rewards while ________ demonstrates a deficit in goal directed behaviour
bipolar disorder (eg: manic episodes, dopamine UP)
ADHD (eg: no dopamine, no motivation)
40
2 Key neurotransmitters indicated in depressive disorders:
serotonin
norepinephrine
41
- medication most effective for people with family history of this disorder
- Other treatments:
- CBT
- Interpersonal and Social Rhythm therapy
- Family - focused exercises
- lifestyle changes
Bipolar I treatments
42
2 types of therapies designed specifically for bipolar disorder:
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy - ISRT
- regular basic need routines + relationship stability; interpersonal and behavioural therapy
Family Focused Therapy - FFT
- reduce stress by educating about disorder
- Improve communication patters in family
43
Inability to differentiate between what is real and what is unreal
Psychosis
44
difference between psychosis and derealization
psychosis - really can’t tell what’s real or not; not aware something is wrong
derealization - doesn’t FEEL real but can tell something is wrong
45
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviour
positive psychotic symptoms
46
LACK of normal/expected emotions, behaviours, and motivations
negative psychotic symptoms
47
Severe form of psychosis where individuals alternate between clear thinking and communication with an accurate view of reality and proper functioning of daily life and psychosis, which would be the active phase of illness (loss of touch with reality)
- disorganized thinking and speech, odd behaviour, difficulty performing daily activities like self-care
Schizophrenia
48
Ideas that an individual believes to be true but are highly unlikely or impossible
delusions
49
perceptual experiences that occur without an actual stimulus; can affect any of the 5 senses
Hallucinations
50
The tendency to slip from one topic to another unrelated topic with little coherent transition is known as ________.
loose associations
derailment
51
Schizophrenia involves significant problems with thinking like loose associations or derailment. This is called ________
formal thought disorder
52
Unpredictable, untriggered agitation - shouting, swearing, pacing OR catatonia
disorganized behaviour
53
unresponsiveness to environment
catatonic/catatonia
54
severe reduction in or absence of emotional expression (negative symptom of schizophrenia)
restricted affect
55
inability to initiate or persist at common, goal-directed activities (negative symptom of schizophrenia) - eg: taking the bus to a destination
avolition
asociality
56
Deficits in basic cognitive processes like attention, memory, and processing speed as a symptom of schizophrenia
cognitive deficits
57
Phase in which person is actively displaying signs of schizophrenia and psychosis
acute phase
58
Symptoms occurring before the acute phase of schizophrenia - eg: mood changes, suicidality
prodromal symptoms
59
Symptoms of schizophrenia that remain after the acute phase - eg: sleep + concentration problems, fatigue, guilt
residual symptoms
60
Schizophrenia is _______ (more/less) disabling in less-developed countries
Less
(more intensive family support)
61
mix of schizophrenia and mood disorder
schizoaffective disorder
62
symptoms of schizophrenia present for less than 6 months
schizophreniform disorder
63
Sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or disorganized behaviour lasting for up to a month
brief psychotic disorder
64
Delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life
delusional disorder
65
lifelong pattern of significant oddities with respect to self-concept, ways of relating to others, thinking and behaviour
schizoptypal personality disorder
66
Excess levels of ______ can contribute to schizophrenia.
- more receptors and higher levels of
dopamine
67
Dementia and Alzheimer’s are both examples of ___________ disorders.
neurocognitive
68
ADHD, autism (ASD), intellectual developmental disorder (IDD), and learning, communication and motor disorders are all examples of:
Neurodevelopmental disorders
69
(Mental age/chronological age) x 100
IQ
70
Tests designed to measure an individual’s cognitive abilities, including verbal fluency, abstract reasoning and spatial memory
intelligence tests
71
New and novel problem solving is considered ________ intelligence while memorized, long term memorized information is known as ________ knowledge
fluid - in the moment/new
crystallized - old, memorized
72
FSIQ stands for
Full Scale Intelligence Quotient
73
Deficits or abnormalities in specific skills and behaviours NOT due to intellectual disability, global developmental delay, neurological disorders, or general external factors
learning, communication, and motor disorders
- eg: someone with average learning ability struggling to write
74
Someone with a ________ disability would have their FSIQ and general stratum 2 cognitive abilities (out of Carrol’s three stratum theory of cognitive abilities) mostly in the average zone with a couple abilities being BELOW AVERAGE
Learning
75
______ are considered innate while ______ are learned or gained
skills - innate
abilities - gained
76
The _________ perspective, taking environment and psychosocial modifiers, biological vulnerability, and symptoms in account, is usually used to describe neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders
Integrationist (biopsychosocial)
77
_________ (3) may affect acquisition, organization, retention, understanding, or use of verbal and nonverbal information
Specific Learning Disabilities
78
Difficulties in one or more areas of academic achievement; deficits are a result of a processing weakness and do not result from sensory problems, general intellectual disorders, emotional disorders, or an environmental and cultural disadvantage
Specific Learning Disabilities
79
Specific learning disability in reading and writing
dyslexia
80
Tourette’s disorder, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder (PMVTD), and stereotypic movement disorder are all examples of ______ disorders which are out of the individual’s control
motor disorders
81
Specific learning disabilities tend to be comorbid with ________ disorders
attention disorders
(But not everyone with an SLD has an attention disorder and vice versa)
82
Motor disorders tend to be comorbid with _________ disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(not all people with motor disorders have OCD and vice versa)
83
MULTIPLE motor and one or more vocal tics that have been present in the past year
Tourette’s
84
SINGLE motor or vocal tics persistent for at least 1 year with an onset before age 18
Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic disorder
85
Repetitive, seemingly driven, purposeless motor behaviour like handshaking or rocking or self-biting causing clinically significant distress or functional impairment
stereotypic movement disorder
86
motor performance that is substantially below expected levels given a person’s age and previous opportunities for skill acquisition - eg: excessively poor balance, clumsiness
developmental coordination disorder
87
6+ symptoms of inattentive and hyperactivity-impulsivity onset before 12 years of age impairing among multiple settings (eg: home and school)
combined presentation ADHD
88
6+ symptoms of inattention but less than six of hyperactivity-impulsivity
predominantly inattentive presentation
89
six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, less than six symptoms of inattention
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
90
people with ADHD are about 3-5 years behind in __________ development
frontal lobe
91
Intellectually typical, doing okay in school, impaired emotional regulation, impulsive, difficulty sitting still, struggles with attending to social cues, can be overly focused
ADHD
92
ADHD is NOT the same as a learning disability
93
The DSM-__ was harder to diagnose ADHD with because symptoms had to be present from below 7 years old
DSM-IV
94
Time management
Organization
problem solving
discipline
motivation
executive function
95
ADHD neurotransmitters
dopamine and norepinephrine
(Mood disorder neurotransmitters are serotonin and norepinephrine)
96
The interaction between mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal pathways involved in reward and response and ADHD
Mesostriatal Reward pathway
97
The frontal cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, and reticular activating system all impact ADHD becuase those are the areas where ________ and ________ impacted.
dopamine
norepinephrine
98
The two types of 1st line ADHD treatments (stimulants)
Amphetamines
Methylphenidate
99
1st line ADHD treatments or ______ target ______ levels while 2nd line ADHD treatments or non-stimulants target _______.
1st line: dopamine
2nd line: norepinephrine
100
Deficits in ALL 3 areas of socialization:
Social-emotional reciprocity
deficits in nonverbal communication
deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
+
Restricted, Repetitive Patterns of Behaviour (sensory interests, rigidness in routine, hyper fixations, repetitive movements)
*significant differences and impairment for diagnosis
autism
101
When someone with a developmental disorder, including autism, have an expert level talent or ability
savant syndrome
102
With ADHD and autism, girls are generally under diagnosed and mask their symptoms more; hyper-fixations are seen as more “typical” girl interests - eg: makeup
103
The _________ connectivity in the brain differs between ADHD and ASD
Functional connectivity
104
low executive dysfunction = _____ emotional regulation
low
105
decrease in emotional regulation = _____ in mental illness
Increase
106
Brain development during teen years works to strengthen connection between _____ and other regions with special reciprocal connections with subcortical regions.
PFC
pre-frontal cortex
107
Cognitive distortion involved with somatic symptom disorders
catastrophizing
108
Malingering vs. Factitious
Malingering - concrete external gain
Factitious - attention
109
Psychogenic amnesia typically occurs following ______ events
traumatic
110
Dissociative fugue is a subtype of _______
dissociative amnesia
111
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder or FNSD is also known as _______ disorder
conversion disorder
- psychological symptoms manifest in physical
- physical symptoms without medical explanation
112
Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities, which is known as _______ is a symptom of depression.
- guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, suicide, trouble concentrating and decision making; severe cases may include psychotic symptoms
- sleep, appetite, activity level changes
anhedonia
113
Episodes meeting full criteria for full mania cannot be present for ________ diagnosis
bipolar II diagnosis - depressive episodes with hypomania; major depressive episodes necessary for this diagnosis
114
Bipolar Disorder Neuroendocrine factors:
HPA axis: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
115
Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are all neurotransmitters known as ________; deficits of these are implicated in developing depression
monoamines
116
the negative cognitive triad (negative about world, self, future), reformulated learned helplessness theory, hopelessness theory, rumination theory are all cognitive theories that aim to explain
depression
117
increased internet use among adolescents affects mental health
118
Treatment resistant depression is treated through ________ which involves inducing ________ through electrical currents
Electroconvulsive therapy
inducing seizures with electrical currents
- pros: can treat stubborn depression
- cons: can cause memory loss, relapse rates are high
119
SSRIs just target serotonin (inhibit the reuptake of it so there’s more serotonin), while SSNRIs affect both serotonin and ________
norepinephrine
120
Antidepressant that affects norepinephrine and dopamine (starts with a b)
bupropion
121
Mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder
lithium
122
Vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation are types of brain stimulation used to treat
depression
123
Significant deficits in adaptive functioning that appear during the developmental period - deficits in conceptual, social and practical skills with onset during development
Intellectual disabilities
124
Intellectual disability - _____ _____ syndrome
fetal alcohol
125
Disorientation, recent memory loss, attention disturbances often due to serious medical conditions like stroke or medication issues
delirium
126
2 standard deviations below the mean for IQ indicates
intellectual developmental disorder
127
Decline in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily living often accompanied by changes in emotional functioning and personality; insight may be poor as in they may not be aware of it
dementia
128
memory, aphasia, echolalia, palilalia, apraxia, agnosia, and executive dysfunction are all cognitive deficits seen in _________ (3) aka ________.
major neurocognitive disorder
dementia
129
Deterioration of language in dementia
aphasia
130
Repeating what is heard as a cognitive deficit in dementia
Echolalia
131
Repeating sounds or words over and over as a cognitive deficit in dementia
palilalia
lili
132
Impairment of ability to execute common actions like waving
apraxia
133
Failure to recognize objects or people
agnosia
think ag-NOSE-ia
134
failure to recognize objects or people
agnosia
think ag-NOSE-ia
135
The most common cause of dementia is _________ disease which is a type of neurocognitive disorder that demonstrates clear decline in learning and memory
- agitations, irritability, apathy, dysphoria, hallucinations and delusions in very secure cases
Alzheimer’s
- deterioration of connections between neurons
136
Protein called tau that impedes nutrients and otehr essential supplies from moving through sells causing them to die
- disrupts neurons, doesn’t get/connect the resources to them
neurofibrillary tangles
137
Deposits of a protein called beta-amyloid that acts as PHYSICAL BLOCKAGE
AMYLOID PLAQUES
