theories and measurement of intelligence

Question 1

galton

Answer 1

Proposed the inheritance of intelligence (especially of genius).

Tested the genetic basis of intelligence,

Developed important statistical methods, e.g. correlation/ regression

Question 2

cattell

Answer 2

Proposed that intelligence was comprised of 10 basic psychological functions, e.g. hearing, and weight/tactile discrimination (can be measured scientifically).

Possibly related to intelligence, but fails to define the concept of intelligence. [no correlation with academic performance]

The first to devise an instrument to measure these processes, called a “mental test”.

Question 3

binet

Answer 3

considered intelligence to be about a practical sense and adaptation to the real world.
Participants therefore completed “real tasks”
Discriminate between capable and less capable pupils, irrespective of their disruptive behaviour.
Published the first intelligence test

Question 4

spearman

Answer 4

factor analysis (detects underlying patterns in the data) Spearman found that scores on tests were significantly related and that common variance could be extracted = “g” (general intelligence factor)

Question 5

weschler

Answer 5

Verbal:
Arithmetic 
Information
Comprehension
Digit span
Similarities and Vocabulary

Performance:
Digit symbol
Block design
Object assembly
Picture arrangement/completiion

Question 6

raven’s progressive matricces

Answer 6

intelligence tests should be free of cultural influences, including language.
Therefore relies on non-verbal reasoning problems like completing matrices

Question 7

thurstone

Answer 7

multiple factor analysis.

He conceptualised seven “primary mental abilities” in order to provide a precise profile of intelligence:

Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualisation, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

Question 8

guildford

Answer 8

intellectual ability can be broken down into several unrelated components.

Guilford developed the most comprehensive catalogue of human abilities (150 types).
Based on a distinction between:
operations (5): cognition, memory, divergent
production, convergent production, evaluation.
products (6): units, classes, relations, systems,
transformations, implications.
Contents (5): auditory, visual, symbolic
semantic, behavioural.

Question 9

hierarchial models

Answer 9

incorporate both the general factor (“g”) and independent abilities: intelligence to be comprised of both specific and general factors.

Question 10

fluid v crystallised intelligence

Answer 10

Fluid intelligence (gf): The ability to learn new things and to solve novel problems, irrespective of previous knowledge and experience. 
Crystallized intelligence (gc): Refers to the knowledge and skills that can be used to solve problems related to what one has already learned. the ability to do well on verbal tasks, on the basis of previous knowledge and learning
Gsar: The ability to complete short-term memory and retrieval tasks.

Question 11

piaget

Answer 11

1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
   motor interaction with environment, no mental representation of unseen objects
2. Preoperational (3-7 years)
   “thought” emerges. Mental operations of unseen objects
3. Concrete operational (8-12 years)
   Distinction between own and other perspective
4. Formal operational (13-15 years)
   Think abstractly

Three mountain task: perspective taking.
Distinction between own and other’s perspective.