behavioural genetics

Question 1

genotype and phenotype

Answer 1

full hereditory info v actual observed properties

Question 2

heritability estimate

Answer 2

genetic proportion

Question 3

rosenzweig 1972

Answer 3

brain changes in response to experience

Question 4

assortative mating

Answer 4

favours estimates of genetic influence - causes IQ correlations between family members to increase over generations

Question 5

genetic effects across the lifespan

Answer 5

> effects of genes increase over time

> effects of upbringing decrease over time

Question 6

nutrition

Answer 6

Oddy et al. (2004) followed 2000 children from birth to age 8 and found that stopping breast feeding early (

Question 7

lead

Answer 7

Neisser et al. (1996) highlighted negative effects of exposure to lead on intelligence.

McMichael et al. (1986) examined relationship between body lead burden and pregnancy outcome near the largest lead smelting facilities in Australia.

: IQ scores were negatively correlated with lead

Question 8

pre-natal factors

Answer 8

Low birth weight and babies suffering from Foetal alcohol syndrome show reduced intelligence (Neisser et al. 1996).

Regardless of factors such as social status, education, and mother’s age, women who smoke late in their pregnancy have children who score lower on IQ (Mortenson et al., 2005).

Question 9

family environment

Answer 9

Belmont & Marolla (1973) collected data using the Raven’s progressive matrices and showed that children from larger families had a lower IQ (even when controlling for SES).

Within each family size the first born child had a higher IQ, with declining scores with rising birth order.

Question 10

education

Answer 10

Intelligence and education are intrinsically linked. Kaufman and Lichtenberger (2005) conclude that the average correlation between intelligence and school achievement is .50 [does it mean anything?]

Ceci (1990; 1991) found that children who attend school regularly score higher than those who attend less regularly.

Intelligence test scores decrease over long summer holidays, and delays in children starting school reduce intelligence scores.

Question 11

birth order

Answer 11

first born are better off
Resource dilution model: parental time, money attention
> Confluence model: role of first child in family

Question 12

culture

Answer 12

Decontextualisation = the ability to disconnect or detach oneself from a situation and think abstractly, and then generalise about it. This has developed due to industrialisation in western cultures.

Quantification = the act of discovering or expressing the quantity of something. We may do this too much in western cultures.

Question 13

flynn effect

Answer 13

IQ increases over generations
Most increases have been found in tests of fluid rather than crystallized intelligence, which means they are not due to educational factors.

Question 14

possible explanations for the flynn effect

Answer 14

Child rearing practices and Head Start; culture and the technological age; nutrition; test-taking sophistication; length of schooling

Question 15

flynn’s explanation

Answer 15

takethe hypothetical seriously