Theories And Concepts Flashcards
Footing
- Goffman
- describes the relative status between addresser and addresee
Synthetic personalisation
- Fairclough
- describes the way in which a writer/speaker creates a sense of rapport or relationship as though it is individual
Deficit approach
- Jespersen 1922
- womens language = deficient
Dominance approach
- Lakoff 1975
- variation = domination of men in society
Difference approach
- Tannen 1990
- makes and females speak in two different ways
Discursive approach
- Cameron 2006
- gender is constructed according to many variables
Judith butler
-gender as performance and representation. Gender as social construct
Maxim of quantity
Don’t speak too much/little
Maxim of quality
Be truthful
Maxim of manner
Speak clearly and avoid ambiguity
Maxim of relation
Make relevant contribution
Grice’s conversational maxims
- quantity
- quality
- manner
- relation
Politeness theories
- Face
- Face needs
- Negative face
Face
Our public self image
Face needs
Positive face needs refers to our need to be liked, respected, accepted and approved of
Negative face
Refers to our right not to be imposed on
Positive politeness strategy
Strategies we use to adhere to someone’s face needs
Negative politeness strategy
Use to adhere to someone’s negative face needs
Lakoff’s theory of politeness
- Be clear
2. Be polite (don’t impose, give option)
Leech’s politeness maxims
- tact maxim
- generosity maxim
- approbation maxim (approval)
- modesty maxim
- agreement maxim
- sympathy maxim
Who is the scholar for the speech act theory
Austin and Searle
Speech act theory
An utternance that serves a function in communication. E.g an apology, greeting, request, complaint or refusal
Conversational implicature
Analysed ways meanings can be implied in particular situations
Presupposition
What is already known or assumed
Inference
What the listener/reader understands or guesses
Implicature
What the speaker/writer was implying or suggesting
Institutional power
Where an individual has power/status/authority which comes from a larger institution
Sinclair and coulthard
-3 exchanges
Teacher: question/initiation
Pupil: response
Teacher: feedback
Influential power
Deliberately using techniques to suggest rather than assert
Labov’s prestige theory
Relationships between speech and social class. Speakers of all classes recognise the importance of the prestige forms
Labov 1990
Suggested that females tend to use standard forms of language, whereas males use non-standard varieties.
