Theories And Concepts

Question 1

Footing

Answer 1

• Goffman

- describes the relative status between addresser and addresee

Question 2

Synthetic personalisation

Answer 2

• Fairclough

- describes the way in which a writer/speaker creates a sense of rapport or relationship as though it is individual

Question 3

Deficit approach

Answer 3

• Jespersen 1922

- womens language = deficient

Question 4

Dominance approach

Answer 4

• Lakoff 1975

- variation = domination of men in society

Question 5

Difference approach

Answer 5

• Tannen 1990

- makes and females speak in two different ways

Question 6

Discursive approach

Answer 6

• Cameron 2006

- gender is constructed according to many variables

Question 7

Judith butler

Answer 7

-gender as performance and representation. Gender as social construct

Question 8

Maxim of quantity

Answer 8

Don’t speak too much/little

Question 9

Maxim of quality

Answer 9

Be truthful

Question 10

Maxim of manner

Answer 10

Speak clearly and avoid ambiguity

Question 11

Maxim of relation

Answer 11

Make relevant contribution

Question 12

Grice’s conversational maxims

Answer 12

• quantity
• quality
• manner
• relation

Question 13

Politeness theories

Answer 13

• Face
• Face needs
• Negative face

Question 14

Face

Answer 14

Our public self image

Question 15

Face needs

Answer 15

Positive face needs refers to our need to be liked, respected, accepted and approved of

Question 16

Negative face

Answer 16

Refers to our right not to be imposed on

Question 17

Positive politeness strategy

Answer 17

Strategies we use to adhere to someone’s face needs

Question 18

Negative politeness strategy

Answer 18

Use to adhere to someone’s negative face needs

Question 19

Lakoff’s theory of politeness

Answer 19

1. Be clear

2. Be polite (don’t impose, give option)

Question 20

Leech’s politeness maxims

Answer 20

• tact maxim
• generosity maxim
• approbation maxim (approval)
• modesty maxim
• agreement maxim
• sympathy maxim

Question 21

Who is the scholar for the speech act theory

Answer 21

Austin and Searle

Question 22

Speech act theory

Answer 22

An utternance that serves a function in communication. E.g an apology, greeting, request, complaint or refusal

Question 23

Conversational implicature

Answer 23

Analysed ways meanings can be implied in particular situations

Question 24

Presupposition

Answer 24

What is already known or assumed

Question 25

Inference

Answer 25

What the listener/reader understands or guesses

Question 26

Implicature

Answer 26

What the speaker/writer was implying or suggesting

Question 27

Institutional power

Answer 27

Where an individual has power/status/authority which comes from a larger institution

Question 28

Sinclair and coulthard

Answer 28

-3 exchanges
Teacher: question/initiation
Pupil: response
Teacher: feedback

Question 29

Influential power

Answer 29

Deliberately using techniques to suggest rather than assert

Question 30

Labov’s prestige theory

Answer 30

Relationships between speech and social class. Speakers of all classes recognise the importance of the prestige forms

Question 31

Labov 1990

Answer 31

Suggested that females tend to use standard forms of language, whereas males use non-standard varieties.