Theories

Question 1

What did Thomas Malthus argue within the classical sociology realm?

Answer 1

resources were finite and that overpopulation problems would lead to famine and disease

Question 2

What did classical sociology not pay attention to?

Answer 2

Environmental problems

Question 3

Social Ecology

Answer 3

preservation of wilderness and environmental problems are rooted in deep-seated social problems, such as social inequality

Question 4

What was the suggested solution to social ecology?

Answer 4

get rid of private property, inequality and hierarchies and view all property and things as communal resources

Question 5

What was the example of social ecology?

Answer 5

Brazil, where poverty lead to squatters in public lands which leads to deforestation

Question 6

Ecological Marxism

Answer 6

capitalism needs to continuously expand, leads to saturation and overproduction, system collapses

Question 7

What does ecological marxism criticize?

Answer 7

capitalism as exploitative of both human labor & environmental resources

Question 8

Who developed the treadmill of production?

Answer 8

Allan Schnaiberg

Question 9

What are the withdrawals of the treadmill of production?

Answer 9

Societies withdraw raw materials and turn them into things we use or sell

Question 10

What are the additions of the treadmill of production?

Answer 10

We add waste back into the environment in the form of pollution and garbage

Question 11

Ecofeminism

Answer 11

considers patriarchy or male dominance the cause of both the exploitation of women and the natural environment

Question 12

What does ecofeminism emphasize on?

Answer 12

the distribution of environmental burdens are unequally distributed

Question 13

What does ecofeminism recommend?

Answer 13

reducing inequality to achieve ecological balance

Question 14

Ecological modernization is mostly optimistic and does not call for _______ _______ of system.

Answer 14

radical reform

Question 15

People who believe in ecological modernization believes ________ is flexible enough to be “_____________”.

Answer 15

capitalism

sustainable

Question 16

Ecological Modernizaiton suggests we need to become more ________ rather than going back to less ________ times.

Answer 16

industrial (x2)

Question 17

Natural capitalism

Answer 17

radically increases productivity of resource use

Question 18

What does natural capitalism shift to?

Answer 18

biological inspired production with less waste

Question 19

Deep ecology

Answer 19

considers the Earth as valuable in and of itself, regardless of its use to humans

Question 20

Shallow ecology

Answer 20

values environmental resources in terms of their usefulness to human beings

Question 21

What are the 6 principles of deep ecology?

Answer 21

1) harmony with nature
2) species equality
3) awareness of limited resources & limited consumption
4) use environmental appropriate technologies
5) emphasis on recycling & reducing waste
6) recognition of human differences without elevating humans above other species

Question 22

Who’s

works are neoliberal theories based on?

Answer 22

Adam Smith and the “invisible hand of the market”

Question 23

“Invisible hand of the market” state?

Answer 23

everyday choices that people make to do well economically & further their self-interest will create an efficient, well-functioning society

Question 24

What does neoliberal theories say about government and competition?

Answer 24

government should be minimized

competition will bring about efficiency & improvement & benefit everyone in the long run

Question 25

Who developed the world-systems theory?

Answer 25

Immanuel Wallerstein

Question 26

World-Systems Theory

Answer 26

historical exploitation & colonization of poor countries by rich countries explains modern inequalities between countries

Question 27

Who developed the Risk Society?

Answer 27

Ulrich Beck

Question 28

Risk Society (3 concepts)

Answer 28

1) modern world is uncertain
2) becoming more distrustful of institutions that rely on science, government, and business
3) too much information and too little ability to understand it