Theories Flashcards
Preoperational
(Piaget’s Stages)
2-6 years old
- representing things w/ words & images
- still unable to reason logically
- has ability to pretend
- pretend play
- language development
- egocentrism
Concrete Operational
(Piaget’s Stages)
7-11 years old
The child can think logically about concrete objects &I can thus add and subtraction.
- child also understands conservation
- hierarchical classification
- conservation
- Mathematical transformation
sensorimotor
(Piaget’s Stages)
Birth to 2 years old
experiencing the world through senses & actions
- object permanence (peek a boo)
- separation anxiety (needs to be w/ mom)
Formal Operational
(Piaget’s Stages)
12- adulthood
-thinking about hypothetical scenarios & processing abstract thoughts ( logical, systematic thinking)
- abstract thought
- potential for mature moral reasoning
Oral
(Freud’s Stages)
0-18 months
Mouth sucking, chewing, biting.
-ego develops
Anal
(Freud’s Stages)
18-36 months
Control over bowel & bladder elimination; coping w/ demands for control (pooping)
~ toilet training
Phallic
(Freud’s Stages)
Genitals; sexual feelings
Oedipus Complex: boys attracted to mom
Electra Complex: girls attracted to dad (penis envy)
Genital
(Freud’s Stages)
After puberty
- maturation of sexual interest
- sexual intercourse
- reach full sexual maturity
Latency
(Freud’s Stages)
6 to puberty
Dormant (suppressed) sexual feelings
- Drawn to authority figures
- Developing defense mechanisms
(Little to no sexual feelings present)
Trust vs. Mistrust
(Erikson’s Stages)
Infancy (0-18 months)
- children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
- breast feeding
Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
(Erikson’s Stages)
Early childhood (2 to 3 years old)
- child learns what he/she can control & develops a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame & doubt.
- toilet training
Initiative vs. Guilt
(Erickson’s Stages)
(3-5 years old)
- child learns to take action, explore, imagine, & feel remorse for negative actions (guilt)
- exploration
Industry vs. Inferiority
(Erickson’s Stages)
6-11 years old
- child needs to cope with new social & academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feeling of inferiority.
- school
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(Erickson’s Stages)
(12-18 years old)
- teens need to develop a sense of self & personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to self while failure leads to role confusion & a weak sense of self.
- social identity
- personal identity
Ex: preppy, jocks; gothics
Intimacy vs. Isolation
(Erickson’s Stages)
19-40 years old
- develops an ability to give & receive love
- begin to make long-term commitments to relationships
- form intimate loving relationships but failure in relationship may lead to loneliness & isolation.
- relationships
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(Erickson’s Stages)
40-65 years old
- adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people.
- success leads to feelings of usefulness & accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world .
- work & parenthood
- potential mid life crisis
Ego- integrity vs. Despair
(Erickson’s Stages)
65 years & older
- older adults need to look back on life & feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
- reflection on life
- assessing overall satisfaction with life.
Ego
(Freud- personality)
- mediator/ realistic/ rational
- compromise
- helps person deal with reality
- satisfies it’s desire in a realistic way
- reality principle
“Just eat a small pieces of chocolate instead of the entire bar”
Superego
(Freud-personality)
- moral standards “angel”
- sense of right and wrong
“Don’t have that cake; you’re on a diet!”
Id
(Freud-personality)
- pleasure principle “Devil”
- pleasure oriented & selfish
“I don’t care if I’m on a diet; I want chocolate!”
Sociopath, psychopath
