Theories

Question 1

What is PLAY?

Answer 1

• Play is a NEED of children

Question 2

Describes 6 stages of play

Answer 2

Solitary,
Onlooker,
Parallel,
Associative,
Cooperative,
Competitive

Question 3

Onlooker

Answer 3

child begins to watch other children playing but does not play with them.

Question 4

Solitary

Answer 4

child plays alone

Question 5

Parallel

Answer 5

child plays alongside or near others but does not play with them

Question 6

Associative

Answer 6

child starts to interact with others during play, but there is not a large amount of interaction at this stage

Question 7

Cooperative

Answer 7

child plays together with others and has interest in both the activity and other children involved in playing they are participating in cooperative play.

Question 8

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 8

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

Question 9

Sensorimotor

Answer 9

Birth- 2yr

• Infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active, without reflection.

Question 10

Preoperational

Answer 10

2-6yr

• Children think symbolically, with language, yet children are egocentric, perceiving from their own perspective.

Question 11

Concrete Operational

Answer 11

6-11yr

• Children understand and apply logic. Thinking is limited by direct experience.

Question 12

Formal Operational

Answer 12

12yr- adulthood

• Adolescents and adults use abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion.

Question 13

Information Processing and Stress Appraisal in Unfamiliar, Threatening Situations

Answer 13

○ Low Information Leads to
○ High Uncertainty
○ Low Perceived Control
○High Threat Appraisal
○ High Emotional Distress
○ Ineffective Information Processing

Question 14

Information Processing

Answer 14

children strive to develop strategies for problem solving by processing info and learning ways to reach goals based on successful strategies

Question 15

Vygotsky- Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 15

○ What they know/can do
○ What the child does not know/cannot do

Question 16

Scaffolding

Answer 16

Helping the child with what they can not do

Question 17

Social Learning Theory

Answer 17

Modeling, Observational Learning
* We learn by watching others

Question 18

Attachment theory

Answer 18

According to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver — a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

Question 19

secure attachment

Answer 19

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Question 20

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 20

pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.

Question 21

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Answer 21

A pattern of attachment in which an infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

Question 22

Erikson’s Life Stages

Answer 22

Basic trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity versus role confusion
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus stagnation
Ego integrity versus despair

Question 23

Basic trust vs. mistrust

Answer 23

Birth- 1 year

Separation from caregivers
Unfamiliar environment, routines, and people

Question 24

Autonomy vs. shame

Answer 24

1-3 yr

Reduced autonomy
Lack of opportunities for self-control
Separation anxiety

Question 25

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 25

4-5yr Limitations on sense of control and independence Magical thinking and egocentric thought resulting in misunderstanding, fear

Question 26

Industry vs. inferiority

Answer 26

6-12yr Separation from normal activities associated with home, school and peers Concrete literal thought resulting in misunderstand-ing, reduced self-esteem

Question 27

Identity vs. role confusion

Answer 27

13-17yr Limitations related to privacy, peer relationships, independent activity and decision making Concern with perspective of others, body image

Question 28

Intimacy vs. isolation

Question 29

Generativity vs. stagnation

Question 30

Ego integrity vs. despair

Question 31

Temperament Theory

Answer 31

* Personality, makeup, natural predisposition * Considered genetic in origin - Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up

Question 32

What does coping mean?

Answer 32

○ Coping is changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage internal or external demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of that person”.

Question 33

Emotion-based Coping

Answer 33

§ Deep breaths § Squeezing a stress ball § Holding a parents hand

Question 34

Problem-based Coping

Answer 34

liminate something in the environment (lights, noise, people)

Question 35

CCLS role is to...

Answer 35

1. Provide the child with information on what to expect 2. Determine which coping strategies are MOST EFFECTIVE in decreasing the child’s stress 3. Help child participate or assert some control in the situation

Question 36

Family Systems Theory

Answer 36

looks at entire family unit and then relations of each family member with each other.

Question 37

Ecological Theory- Bronfenbrenner

Answer 37

* Microsystem (immediate environment) * Mesosystem (connections between environments) * Exosystem (indirect environment) * Macrosystem (social and cultural values) * Chronosystem (a change that happens over time)

Question 38

Stress-Potential Assessment considers:

Answer 38

- HEALTHCARE VARIABLES, - CHILD VARIABLES, - FAMILY VARIABLES