Theories Flashcards
1
Q
Reflex
A
movement controlled by stimulus-response
2
Q
Hierarchical
A
- NS organized as a hierarchy - top down
- Limits:
- doesn’t take into account systems working together
3
Q
Motor Programming
A
- cortex generates a motor outcome but not involved in how outcome was achieved
- limits:
- speed
4
Q
Systems
A
- movement directed by dynamic, interacting systems - body as a whole
5
Q
Motor Control
Dynamic Action
A
- takes into considerations self-organization with the relationship of the individual body characteristics and the environment
- expansion of synergistic focus, not hierarchy
- limits:
- CNS less emphasized
6
Q
Systems (Shumway-Cook)
A
- movements organized around functional goals
- task-individual-environment
7
Q
Motor Control
Ecological
A
- person, task, environment (PTE) interact to influence motor behavior and learning
- implication that evolved from survival
- limits:
- CNS less emphasized as control of movement
8
Q
Neuromaturational
A
- tightly tied to CNS
- cephalocaudal (prox to distal)
-there’s a sequencing in development
9
Q
Cognitive
A
- thinking develops in stages of increasing complexity
- organize mental schemes through mental operations
- limits:
- what happens when we have something new?
10
Q
Behavioral
A
-behavior is shaped by environment
- assumes most behaviors learned responses
- limits:
- not a lot of cognitive
11
Q
Psychoanalytical/Psychosocial
A
- biologically determined drives, unconscious conflicts (core of which are sexual)
- initial drive for survival
- limits:
- growth and development
12
Q
Motor Development
Ecological, Contextual
A
- environmental has very strong influence
- time and a place for things
13
Q
Motor Development
Systems/Dynamic Systems
A
- movement emerges based on internal milieu, external environment, task
- movement directed by dynamic, interacting systems
14
Q
Motor Development
Neuronal Group Selection
A
- CNS and environmental factors
- (CNS) infant motor development with increased/decreased periods of variability - result from changes in the CNS
- (ENV) structure and function of neural networks created via genetic coding in infant development and env. exposure related to behavioral experience
15
Q
Schmidt’s Schema
A
- motor programs contain generalized rules for a class of movements that an individual learns to apply to various contexts rather than a specific motor programs
- limits:
- unclear on how systems interact during motor learning
16
Q
Motor Learning
Ecological
A
- motor learning is a process that increases coordination between perception and action
- limits:
- not enough research
17
Q
OPTIMAL
A
- motivational and attentional factors contribute to performance and learning by strengthening the coupling of goals to actions
- “you’re gonna do this to achieve that”
18
Q
Fitts and Posner’s Three-Stage Model
A
- as you progress in stages of learning, the less attention you need to give to the task
- cognitive
- learner experiments with a variety of strategies; improvements in performance relatively large
- associative
- learner has selected the best strategy and begins to refine; slower improvements in performance
- autonomous
- increased automaticity of the skill; low degree of attention to task; can scan env. and think of energy efficiency
19
Q
Bernstein’s Three-Stage Approach to Motor Learning
A
- mastering DoF
- novice
- reduced number of DoF of movement at a joint; gradually increases; focus on muscle tonicity
- advanced
- learning more focused on synergies with increased task complexity and practice
- expert
- all DoF available for task to be performed in most efficient and coordinated way
20
Q
Gentile’s Two-Stage Model
A
- 1st Stage
- does the person understand the movement it takes for the task?
- 2nd stage
- goals of the learner as refining movement for consistent and efficient performance
