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THEORIES Flashcards

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1
Q

Opponent Process theory? + example

A

an emotional stimulus creates an initial response that is followed by adaptation, then opposite response. there is a process (initial) and b process (After)

e.g. a dog gets shocked, heart rate increases, then decreases.
another e.g is drug addiction.

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2
Q

what happens with repeat exposure to a stimulus?

A

the primary affective response (a-process) gets used to response

the after reaction (b process) strengthens.

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3
Q

how is drug addiction related to opponent process theory.

A

repeated experience with drug results less of a high (a-process), but withdrawal symptoms are stronger and last longer (b process).

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4
Q

what are withdrawl symptoms elicited by?

A

conditioned stimulus associated with the drug.

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5
Q

what is structurialism?

A

focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.

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6
Q

limits to structuralism

A

too subjective, people can have imageless thought.

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7
Q

what is functionalism?

A

focuses attention on the utility and purpose of behaviour that has been modified over years of human existence.

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8
Q

what theory was functionalism based on?

A
  • charles darwins theory of evolution
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9
Q

limits to functionalism?

A
  • not all thoughts, feelings and behaviours are focused on survival
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10
Q

what was behaviourism?

A
  • psychology was all about observal behaviour and not cognition
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11
Q

limitations of behaviourism

A
  • ignored inner concious

- too focused on external behaviours

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12
Q

what is cognitivism?

A

mental processes, thinking, memory and judgement

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13
Q

what are limitations of cognitivism?

A

mental processes are often unobservable

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14
Q

what is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

psychology that sees human functioning based upon interaction of drives and forces within a person, particularly unconscious and between different structures of the personality.

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15
Q

main pioneers of psychodynamic perspective

A

FREUD

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16
Q

limitations of the psychodynamic perspective/?

A
  • relies too heavily on dreams, ideas are unable to be supported in modern psychology
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17
Q

how didthe psychodynamic perspective help modern psychology?

A

focused on therapy, on how to treat patients with anxiety today.

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18
Q

what is conditioning?

A

learning associations between stimuli and behavioural response

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19
Q

what is associative learning?

A

associative learning is associating one stimulus with another so that we predict the second event to occur straight after

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20
Q

what is non-associative learning?

A

learning that results from the impact of ONE stimulus

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21
Q

what is habituation?

A

habituation is the tendency to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated exposures.

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22
Q

how does habituation relate to non-associative learning?

A

because repeated exposure to ONE stimuli, we become used to it and habituate. e.g. hearing a car alarm on the street.

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23
Q

what is an orienting response?

A

when we haven;t been exposed to a certain stimuli and we respond at first

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24
Q

what is sensation and how does it relate to habituation?

A

sensitation occurs when our response to an event increases rather than decreases with repeated exposure THE OPPOSITE OF HABITUATION - it becomes more annoying e.g. baby crying.

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25
Q

how do we know whether we will habituate or sensitize to a stimulus?

A

mild stimulus > habituation

intense, possibly threating/ annoying > sensitisation.

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26
Q

explain pavlov’s dogs

A

dog’s learned to salvitate in response to a bell after it was paired with food.

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27
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

classical conditioning is learning associations between 2 stimuli

  • first stimuli predicitng the second
  • autonomic. reflexive responses (non-voluntary)
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28
Q

what is the neutral stimulus(NS)

A

NS is the stimulus that, before conditioning doesn’t really bring about the response of interest e.g. bell.

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29
Q

what is unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus, an event that elicists/ triggers an unconditioned (involuntary) response without previous conditoning

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30
Q

what is the uncondioned response (UR)

A

an unlearned/ natural response to an unconditioned stimulus happening without prior conditioning

e. g. salviation to food, jumping when hearing a loud noise, moving away from something painful
e. g. in pavlovs dog’s salvation to food was UR

31
Q

what is the conditioned stimulus?

A

previously the NS, that through repeated pairings with an US, now causes a conditoned response

32
Q

what is a conditioned response? (cR)

A

learned reaction to a conditoned stimulus occuring because of previous repeated pairings with an uncodnitoned sitmulus.

33
Q

what does acquisition mean in relation to classical conditioning?

A

formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.

34
Q

what is extinction?

A

the conditioned response will weaken when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

35
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

36
Q

what is the famous study of Little Albert?

A

Watson conditioned a child to fear white mice. rats by hitting a gong very loudly behind while he interacted with it, then the fear spread to anything white and fluffy.

37
Q

what is stimulus generalisation?

A

responding to stimuli that are similar, but not the same e.g. little albert being scared of anything “white and fluffy” after being conditioned to be scared of rats.

38
Q

what is stimulus discrimination?

A
  • a learned ability to able to respond differently to similar stimuli e.g. being able to pick the real from the fakes e.g. fake strawberry.
39
Q

what is higher order conditioning?

A

when you pair a CS with a US but then add another stimulus to the equation and paid that to the CS without the original US

e.g. begins with just electric can opener + food = salivation
then just can opener and random stimulus = salivation

and then just the random stimulus that can cause SALIVATION :)

40
Q

what is the contiguity theory?

A

when two stimuli are rpesented together in time, associations are formed between the two

41
Q

what is contingency?

A

contingecy is the occurance of a future event is possible, given that one event has occured, but cannot always be predicted with certainty

42
Q

what is the contingency theory?

A

a CR develops when the CS is able to predict the occurence of the US.

43
Q

what is delayed conditoning?

A

CS comes on first and overlaps with the US coming on

44
Q

what is trace conditioning?

A

trace conditioning is a gap between the CS and the US

45
Q

what is simultaneous conditioning?

A

CS and US come on at the same time and go off at the same time.

46
Q

what is Thorndikes Law of effect? (operant conditioning)

A

behaviour that results in reward will be more likely in the future

  • behaviour that results in punishment will be less likely in the future
  • behaviou is ultimately controlled by it’s consequences
47
Q

what is the key difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

A

classical conditioning has an individual emit involuntary responses due to associatiations made between 2 stimuli, whereas operant conditioning has an individual emit a voluntary response due to making an association between behaviour and a stimulis

48
Q

what is Skinners emphasis on learning?

A
  • reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response

- punishment decreases the likelihood of a response

49
Q

explain operant conditioning and give an example!

A

when a person/ animal makes an association voluntarily between a behaviour and a consequence - learning through reinforcement (Rewards) and punishment.

e.g. training your dog well through positive reinforcement or teaching a child to stop behaving through punishment.

50
Q

what is skinner’s “radical behaviourism”

A

there is no need to hyppthesises internal processes

  • only study observable behaviour
  • learning via operant conditioning was the same for all organisms.
51
Q

why must reinforcement be meaningful to the subject receiving it?

A

for a behaviour to be reinforced the individual must feel some type of positive affect when given the reinforcmenet.

52
Q

what is positive contingency?

A

when a response causes the presentation of a stimulus

53
Q

what is negative contingency?

A

negative contingency is when a response causes the removal of a stimulus that is already there, e.g. taking away a kids toy when they misbehave.

54
Q

what is positive reinforcement and provide examples.

A

the presentation of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour that makes the behaviour more likely to happen again e.g. when a dog sits - a treat

55
Q

what is negative reinforcment and provide examples

A

the removal of an aversive stimulus after a behaviour makes the behaviour more likely to occur again

e.g. headache, take panadol.
or leaving early on Monday morning to avoid traffic

56
Q

what is positive punishment and provide examples

A

presentation of an aversive stimulus after a behaviour reduces the likelihood of the behaviour happening again

e.g. burning yourself with a straightener and then being more careful later.

57
Q

what is negative punishment and provide examples

A

the removal of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour reduces the likelihood of behaviour happening again

e.g. speeding - taking away licence.

58
Q

what is shaping and how does it relate to operant conditioning?

A

reinforcement that is delivered in response to successive attempts at the desired response.

e.g. teaching child to tie shoe lace.

59
Q

what are ratio schedules

A

ratio schedules are reinforcement depending on number of responses made

60
Q

what is fixed ratio?

A

reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses, the faster you respond, more rewards you get.
e.g. buy 9 coffees get 1 free card at local coffee shop

61
Q

what is variable ratio?

A

reinforcement of a behaviour after a random amount of responses

e.g. playing poker, doing scratch cards, unpredictable but with big payout.

62
Q

what is an interval schedule

A

amount of time between reinforcements

63
Q

what is a fixed interval schedule?

A

reinforces response only after a specified time has passed

e.g. getting paid weekly

64
Q

what is a variable interval schedule?

A

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals e.g. checking your phone randomly to see if you have a new message.

65
Q

what are examples of primary reinforces and what makes them “primary”

A
  • food, sex, water - anything needed for survival, they are important because our biological drives make them a top priority!
66
Q

what are examples of secondary reinforces and what makes them secondary ?

A

money, grades, job promotion they acquire reinforcing power by a learned association with a primary reinforcer

67
Q

what is the premack principle and what is an example?

A

premack principle, otherwise known as grandma’s rule discovered that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preffere activity

e.g. eating veggies - eat cake!

68
Q

what are some applications for operant conditioning?

A

behavioural therapy, therapy for autism, training dogs.

69
Q

what is biofeedback training?

A

bodily processes are electronically recorded and reported back to the patient through headphones, signal lights etc.

70
Q

what is social facilitation and provide an example

A

social facilitation is an increase frequency/ intensity of a behaviour caused by the presence of others performing same behaviour e.g. yawning.

71
Q

what is true imitation?

A

when an animal imitates a behaviour that has never been done before, without showing understanding of the behaviour

72
Q

what are the 4 processes involved in learning by observation?

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. reproduction
  4. motivation /(from reinforcement)
73
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

children can learn by observation, learn a behaviour but then not exhibit it until adulthood e.g. aggression. HAVE to see someone do it.

psych :) (8 decks)

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