Theories

Question 1

Structural Functionalism

Answer 1

Durkheim: social order is harmonious, social roles are optimal, top-down

Question 2

Conflict Theory

Answer 2

Marx/Weber: society is result of power differences, top-down

Question 3

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 3

meanings derived from social interactions, Mead, Cooley

Question 4

Labelling Theory

Answer 4

Becker: labels influence behaviour

Question 5

Strain Theory

Answer 5

Merton: goals/opportunities don’t match = other pathways, deviance is socialization into counter-culture

Question 6

False Consciousness

Answer 6

Marx: ideologies that benefit ruling class

Question 7

Historical Materialism

Answer 7

Marx: people’s relationship to material goods dictate position in society

Question 8

Modernization Theory

Answer 8

poor states are poor because of tradition, all societies should modernize, Eglitis criticism, organic solidarity, Protestantism

Question 9

World System Theory

Answer 9

Marx: global capitalist system, core/peripheral countries

Question 10

World Society Theory

Answer 10

converging universal culture, legitimacy, culture of rationalization/modernization, global legislative change can help inequality

Question 11

Theory of Capitalism

Answer 11

Piketty: return on capital > growth rate of economy

Question 12

Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 12

Waters: ethnic labels that have little cost, white people see race as a harmless choice that just affects hobbies and smaller aspects of life

Question 13

Statistical Discrimination

Answer 13

sorting people through certain markers for statistical purposes

Question 14

Role Expectations Theory

Answer 14

the ideal/expected student or worker changes, social roles are genderized

Question 15

Decency Continuum

Answer 15

Duits/van Zoonen: spectrum of expectations that regulate women’s bodies that differ based on race/ethnicity as well

Question 16

Intersectionality

Answer 16

Crenshaw/Collins: race/class/gender collectively shape social realities

Question 17

Genetic Options Theory

Answer 17

Ivemark/Roth: test results –> identity aspirations –> social appraisals –> new identity, self-identification

Question 18

Social Capital

Answer 18

Khan: ability to mobilize, access to social networks

Question 19

Cultural Capital

Answer 19

Khan: takes the form of privilege (ability to interact and negotiate hierarchies, ease in social situations, recognize that experiences matter)

Question 20

Theory of Nature of Power

Answer 20

Weber: there is growing interest in ruling without constant coercion and violence, convince others of your authority through rationalization

Question 21

McDonaldlization

Answer 21

Ritzer: society embracing principles of fast food restaurants and bureaucracies, increased commodification

Question 22

Critical Race Theory

Answer 22

race is concept that oppresses BIPOC, state operates in racial/racist ways to dominate and benefit white-males

Question 23

Resource Mobilization Model/Political Opportunity Models

Answer 23

Kincaid: ways to view right-wing/left-wing movements