Theoretical views - Marxists Flashcards
What are the two social groups?
Marxist
The ruling class - Bourgeoisie ( own the means of production)
The working class - Proletariat (don’t or work with the owners)
Milibands explanation of media representations.
Marxist
‘The State in a Capitalist society’ argued that r/c uses media to create a false picture of reality to make capitalism look good. Inequalities are
inevitable and allow proletariats to accept the r/c values. Argues that media is the new opium if the people.
Karl Marx explanation of media represntations.
Marxist
Believed religion was the opium of the people cause it reduced immediate suffering. However, it was harmful as it kept people from seeing exploitation and oppression.
What’s the superstructure?
Marxist
When media, education, courts and gov maintain infrastructure, like r/c control, this infrastructure shapes the superstructure. It shows that one group relies on the other to keep things going.
Bagdikian’s explanation of media representations.
Marxist
In 1983, 50 corporations controlled the majority of all media in the USA; by 2004, media ownership shrank to 7 cooperation in control. This makes the media less balanced.
Currans explanation of media representations.
Marxist
owners manipulated media content, there are more conservative supporting newspapers which reflect them serving the interest of their wealthy owners.
Doyle’s explanation of media representations.
Marxist
The bourgeoisie control media, so it can’t be used against them it’s argued that this is though ownership and control patterns. These are important for all views being heard and abuse of power to be monitored by the free media.
The Sutton Trust neo-Marxist explanation of media reps
An unconscious bias in reporters causes media bias as broadcasters were white, middle-class males with over 50% having attended private schools. Due to this background, they unconsciously produce content that promotes ruling class norms and values.
Gilroy, neo-Marxist explanation of media reps
Groups that threaten the positions of white middle-class males are marginalised and negatively stereotyped. He argued black crimes which resisted a racist state, were no more criminal than white people. The media created a folk devil surrounded by black people which made deviancy amplification.
Halls, neo-Marxist explanation of media reps.
Hall supports Gilroy’s theory through the key stereotypes of black people in media as slaves, natives and entertainers. He argues they are ridiculed to be neutralised as threats=refletcs unconscious racism when they are labbled as troublemkaers. Although aconsuis effort has been made to be more diverse media is still controlled nu those who belive in the dominat views.
The Glasgow media groups, neo-Marxist explanation of media reps
In his research of different social groups including the working class. He found media focused on their issues of strikes and the reps of immigrants and asylum seekers which negatively stereotyped them.
What would pluralist argue?
The media represents social groups in how we view them, only showing what we want to see. The audience controls the media.
Whales, Pluralist explanation of media reps
Media compete for consumers, so they fairly present social groups. Whale argues what we see in the news is determined by audiences. We can recognise stereotypes and when we are being manipulated.
Fourth estate of democracy, pluralist explanation if media reps
The media is the fourth estate of democracy after the government, courts and church, this is because access to information is seen as an essential part of democracy which lest people make informed choices.
Williams, pluralist explanation of media reps
Argues journalists are vital for democracy, they give the required info to participate in political and cultural life. The free press stops censorship which could lead to bias, allowing open criticism of the conservative parties’ policies.
what do feminist believe in ?
Believe society is dominated by men and men have more power than women, we live in a patriarchy.
Mulvey’s, feminist explanation of media reps
women reflect the views of men in the media. He carried out a semiology on the films ‘rear window’ and ‘vertigo’. Found they focused on women appearances, and how they play a secondary role to the main characters.
How do Disney princes support Mulvey’s theory? - feminist
Their designs of a lot of princesses are made to satisfy the male gaze.
They are only happy when in love.
Wolf’s, feminist explanation of media representations?
Wolf takes the radical stance and argues women are socialised to conform to the ‘beauty myth’ - women feeling pressure to conform t male ideas of how they should look. In contemporary media this is taken to be the ‘ideal’, but this ideology gives women a ‘false conscience’
Whelehan’s, feminist explanation of media representations?
Found that in men’s magazines like PHM, Maxim and Loaded they override the message of feminism. they prompted a ‘laddish culture’ where women are objectified.
McRobbie’s feminist explanation of media representations
Argues magazines impact their readers’ identities, western ideal of femineity are promoted as the ‘ideal’ where they focus on fashion, lifestyle, lobe and beauty which promote the hegemonic femineity.
e.g. Heat
e.g. Closer
McLuhan’s, postmodernist explanation of media reps
The world has become a ‘global village’ Progressions in digital communication have let people become more interconnected, through globalisation, which shows broader lifestyles and identifies, giving people choice
Strinati’s, postmodernist explanation of media reps
The media shows more diverse ranges of representation. He argues capitalist countries are media-saturated, due to the range of media we interact with. Media play a role in how identity is constructed as the diverse representations no longer show traditional identities.
Baudrillard’s, post modernist explanation of media reps
Media saturation has altered reality as it makes it difficult to distinguish reality and fiction. due to being consumed by devices creating a state of hyper-reality. He states media producers accept a diluted view of info e.g. ‘fake news’. He describes virtual reality as simulacra - satisfying version of the physical world.
