Theoretical Perspectives

Question 1

Functionalists

Answer 1

Parsons (1954) - ‘Transitional stage’
Eisenstadt (1956) - Binding of young people into society
Abrams (1959) - Backed up Parson’s Transitional stage

Question 2

Marxists

Answer 2

Hall and Jefferson (1976) - concept of youth resistance
Clarke (1976) - ‘Exaggeration’ of skinhead WC identity
Hebdige (1976) - Studied mods in relation to resistance
Brake (1980) - Magical solutions
Criticisms = Muggleton (2000) and Thornton (1995)

Question 3

Feminists

Answer 3

Heidensohn (1985) - ‘Malestream’ - Marxists criticism
Blackman (1995) - ‘New wave girls’
McRobbie & Garber (1976) - ‘Bedroom Culture’
Smart (1976) - Gender social control
Hollands (1995)

Question 4

Postmodernists

Answer 4

Bennett (1999) - ‘Neo tribes’ to replace sub-cultures
Polemus (1997) - ‘Supermarket of style’, anything goes
Redhead (1993) - Clubbing culture

Question 5

Ethnicity and Subcultures

Answer 5

Hedbidge (1979)

Bennett (2005)