Theoretical Perspectives

Question 1

systematic study of biological basis of social behavior and organization in all organisms

Answer 1

sociobiology

Question 2

said that evolution favors certain traits if they enhance odds of the individual passing along genes

Answer 2

Wilson

Question 3

behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction

Answer 3

inclusive fitness

Question 4

differences in reproductive efficiency that leads to double standard in infidelity

Answer 4

reproductive success/fitness

Question 5

behavior toward offspring that raises survival at the cost of the ability to have another

Answer 5

parental investment

Question 6

increases parental investment in all sexes

Answer 6

sexual/mate selection

Question 7

2 bases of male reproductive success

Answer 7

traits attractive to female (parental involvement potential), male-male competition

Question 8

this leads males to invest less in sperm production and parenthood

Answer 8

polygyny

Question 9

leads to monogamy

Answer 9

harsh environment

Question 10

critiques to sociobiology

Answer 10

explaining effect of genes on human behavior is too complicated, reduction of social to biological, anthropomorphizing

Question 11

how individuals develop behaviors appropriate for their sex

Answer 11

sex-typing

Question 12

theoretical strands of socialization theories

Answer 12

Freudian and Neo-Freudian psychoanalytic, social learning, cognitive development, gender schema

Question 13

views gender’s purpose as to maintain ecological balance

Answer 13

ecological determinism

Question 14

according to ecological determinism, devaluation of women is necessary because ________

Answer 14

sex is a reward for male bravery

Question 15

comprised of husband, wife, and dependent children

Answer 15

isolated nuclear family

Question 16

gender role that leads, decides, produces (father, status-giver, wage-earner) according to Isolated Nuclear Family

Answer 16

instrumental

Question 17

gender role that handles housework, emotional, reproductive matters (mother) according to Isolated Nuclear Family

Answer 17

expressive

Question 18

root of male dominance according to Origin of the Family

Answer 18

surplus production

Question 19

became normalized because of private property, paternity and inheritance

Answer 19

monogamy, virginity before marriage, heirs, fidelity during marriage

Question 20

resources that dictate sex status according to Conflict Theory of Sex Stratification

Answer 20

strength, attractiveness, economic control

Question 21

assumes strong sexual drives, struggle for dominance, physical dominance of males, resources determining ability to dominate

Answer 21

Conflict Theory of Sex Stratification

Question 22

according to the Conflict Theory of Sex Stratification, during this period there was low production and therefore low stratification

Answer 22

horticultural

Question 23

according to the Conflict Theory of Sex Stratification, during this period there was peak male dominance

Answer 23

agrarian

Question 24

according to the Conflict Theory of Sex Stratification, during this period the market value of women became important

Answer 24

industrial

Question 25

according to the Conflict Theory of Sex Stratification, during this period there was employment for women and sex appeal became significant

Answer 25

advanced market economy

Question 26

the 4 types of power according to the general theory of gender stratification

Answer 26

force/coercion, property, political power, ideational power

Question 27

this determines life options according to the general theory of gender stratification

Answer 27

status

Question 28

bases (3) for the demand of female power according to the general theory of gender stratification

Answer 28

strategic indispensability of work, kinship, mode of production

Question 29

according to the general theory of gender stratification, women are better off in societies with _____ property than with private property

Answer 29

communal

Question 30

according to the general theory of gender stratification, men enact _____ power while women enact _____ power

Answer 30

macro, micro

Question 31

criticism to the general theory of gender stratification

Answer 31

reproduction is seen as secondary to production

Question 32

what, according to rae lesser blumberg, impedes women's participation in production?

Answer 32

demand for female labor

Question 33

defined around compliance to subordination (to men); oriented to accommodate the interests and desires of men

Answer 33

emphasized femininity

Question 34

in relation to subordinated masculinities and emphasized femininity; women are socialized to be subordinated to men

Answer 34

hegemonic masculinity