Feminisms Flashcards
origin of the word feminism
French ‘feminisme’
meaning of French ‘feminisme’
medical feminization of male body or women with masculine traits
political stance that aims to change the social position of women
feminism
true or false: before the coinage of the term feminism, there were already feminists in the 18th century
true
feminism is both a _____ that is used as a lens, and a _____ that aims to transform society
theory, movement
written by Wollstonecraft to fight for education of women
Vindication of the Rights of Women
held the first women’s rights conference
Stanton
book by Friedan that describes assumptions that women will be fulfilled from housework
Feminine Mystique
organization that dismissed the issue of sexual equality
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
established after an organization dismissed the issue of sexual equality
National Organization of Women
feminist organizations/publications in the Philippines in the 19th century
Asosacion Feminista Filipina, Asosacion Feminista Ilonga, Filipina (feminist magazine by Poblete)
achieved by Filipino women in 1937
suffrage
ideas: men and women are equal, they have equal reasoning capacity, there should be fair meritocracy, and they should have the same rights
liberal feminism
source of inequality according to liberal feminism
sexist socialization and social discrimination
means of achieving equality for liberal feminism
equal opportunities, reforms, education
criticism of liberal feminism
no analysis of race, class, national oppression
argued for compensation for women
Wages Against Housework by Federici
feminist wing of the NDF
MAKIBAKA
ideas: capitalism benefits from women’s subordination, women are seen as 2nd class workers/reserved labor force, the private-public dichotomy keeps men free from domestic responsibilities
Marxist feminism
source of oppression for Marxist feminism
capitalism
means of achieving equality for Marxist feminism
shift from capitalism to socialism
ideas: women and men are fundamentally different, women should control their own bodies, hierarchies should be eliminated and society should be altered
radical feminism
critique of Marxist feminism
reduction of gender to class oppression
Frye used the birdcage analogy and double bind to describe this concept
oppression
used to maintain power over women according to Rich
compulsory heterosexuality
source of oppression for radical feminism
patriarchy
means of achieving equality for radical feminism
counterinstitution, separatism, women’s culture
critique of radical feminism
patriarchy is defined biologically; it neglects different sexual orientations
the patriarchy is buried through learning under this mode of production
capitalism
ideas: gendered Marxism (Marxist + radical feminism), women’s work is devalued because it is separate from surplus value production, women’s oppression is due to their economic dependence
socialist feminism
ideas: 2/3 world feminism, development paradigms, commodification of women, increased violence is due to military and workplace sexism
third world feminism
source of oppression for third world feminism
national oppression, colonialism, imperialism
means of achieving equality for third world feminism
gender-fair development, participation of women in nationalist liberation
critique of third world feminism
it is culture-specific
ideas: feminist + ecological concerns, oppression is culturally valued and will be imposed if there is no resistance, interdependence with all other life forms
ecofeminism
source of oppression for ecofeminism
violence, patriarchy, culture-nature divide
means of achieving equality for ecofeminism
simplicity and consumer liberation, sustainable livelihood, environmental preservation and conservation
critique of ecofeminism
too specific, divides men (culture) and women (nature)
this defines identity as contingent and discursive, where gender is not fixed but is a discursive construct (a product of discourse)
poststructural feminism
an endless signifying chain that is arbitrary under poststructural feminism
language
in Foucault’s History of Sexuality, a critique of modernity, he said that power should be ______
anti-hierarchical
in Foucault’s History of Sexuality, sexuality transitions from _____ to _____
ars erotica, scientia sexualis
true or false: in the 17th century, there was a lot of secrecy to sex
false
true or false: during the Victorian era, sexuality was restrained and there was total obliteration of sex
false (restrained but no total obliteration)
places for “other Victorians”
social places of tolerance
those who defy the general rule of silence during the Victorian era
other Victorians
the nature of power according to Foucault
to be repressive
the regime that sustains sexuality discourse
power-knowledge-pleasure regime
how does sex become a discursive fact?
when it is put into discourse (scientia)
hypothesis that states that despite repression, continuous proliferation of discourse on sex will lead to its multiplication
repressive hypothesis
ways of knowing (how sex is transformed into discourse)
field of exercise of power
regulation of sex through public discourse
censorship
ideas: gender is done through interactions and is an ongoing accomplishment, individuals are accountable to gender norms and guard their performances based on expectations, an accountability structure dictates expectations of performances, gender is fluid and norms can be subverted
doing gender approach
criticisms of doing gender approach
it downplays agency, presumes coherent gender, and does not analyze intersections
ideas: fluid and non-aligned gender and sexuality, gender as a construct, deconstruction of binarism, emphasis on intersectionality
masculinity/queer theory
reaction to feminism that is anti-sexist/pro-feminist
men’s movement
basis of men’s movement
socialist learnings
viewed men as victims of a reverse sex war
New Lad Era
call to retreat from contemporary masculinity to the original nature of men
mythopoetic movement
movement that saw feminism as something that softened men
Iron John movement
true or false: the men’s movement is more alive today
false
grassroots gay liberation movement of 1969
Stonewall Rebellion
true or false: in the 1920s-1930s gay subcultures began to emerge in the US
true
first openly gay person elected in public office (California)
Harvey Milk
looks at dominance of men over women
hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity
true or false: hegemonic masculinity does not have total cultural dominance
true
difference of hegemonic dominance from ‘male sex role’
hegemonic dominance refers to cultural ideals
reasons for collaborating with masculinity
fantasy gratification, maintenance of practices, its construction in relation to women
defined publicly but are also linked to the home
patterns of emphasized femininity
