Theoretical frameworks Flashcards
Describe Park’s model
Compares the response curve of hazard events and compares areas at different stages of development
Name the four stages of Park’s model
Pre-disaster, relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction
Describe pre-disaster of Park’s model
QoL is is at a norm before the disaster, people do their best to prepare and prevent such events
Describe relief of Park’s model
Hazard occurred, immediately relief is a priority with medical attention, rescue services and emergency care which can last from hours to days until QoL has stopped decreasing
Describe rehabilitation stage of Park’s model
Government and non-state players try to return the state to norm by providing basic needs
Describe the reconstruction stage of Park’s model
Investment is put into infrastructure, crops and poverty to improve their reactions for the next disaster
What is the role of scientists?
Prediction and forecasting, accuracy depends on the type and location of the tectonic hazard
What is the risk disk?
All factors combine to reduce disaster effects
Name the six risk disk factors
- Disaster preparation
- Disaster response
- Disaster recovery
- Disaster mitigation
- Development
- Adaptation to climate change
Forecasts based on (1) from global (2) and historical records
Long term forecasts are more reliable than short term ones and encourages governments to (3)
1 - data and evidence
2 - seismic monitoring
3 - enforce building regulations and evacuation procedures
It is not currently possible to accurately predict (1) as you would need a (2) which is a (3) of seismic activity. Geologists base predictions on underground movement of (4) models predict where (5) occur by stimulating different rocky (6)
1 - earthquakes 2 - diagnostic precursor 3 - characteristic pattern 4 - magma 5 - stress points 6 - mantle focus
What is the hazard management cycle?
A process in which governments and organisations work together to protect people from natural hazards to avoid or reduce loss of life and property to ensure rapid recovery
Who are the key players of the hazard management cycle?
- All levels of government
- International organisations
- Businesses
- Communities
Name the four stages of the hazard management cycle
- Preparation
- Response
- Recovery
- Mitigation
Give some examples of preparation
- creating evacuation routes
- raising public awareness
- developing an early warning system
- stockpiling aid supplies
- minimising loss of life and property
Give some examples of response
- search and rescue
- evacuating people when required
- restoring critical infrastructure
Give some examples of recovery
- rebuilding homes and other structures
- reopening schools and businesses
- repairing and rebuilding infrastructure
- re-establishing transport routes
Give some examples of mitigation
- Identifying potential hazard and taking steps to reduce the impact
- Preventing hazard events and minimising their impacts
- Developing and enforcing building codes
- Zoning and land use planning
- Building protective structures
When does mitigation take place?
Before and after hazard events
When does response take place?
During hazard events
Describe the Swiss cheese model
Hazards can be reduced by reducing the number of holes in each layer (number of weaknesses) or reducing the size of the hole in each layer (scale of weakness) to do this:
- modify hazard event
- modify vulnerabilty and resilience
- modify loss
What players are in adaptation, mitigation, response and recovery?
Planners - adaptation and mitigation
Engineers - mitigation
NGOs - response and recovery
Insurers - recovery
What is the role of NGOs?
- Particularly where local govs fail to respond
- Provide funds, coordinate searches and develop reconstruction plans
- All stages of hazard management often remain in affected areas for years
What is the role of insurers?
- Increasing cost of disasters
- 2011 global losses cost $54 billion
- help communities rebuild and repair
- not an economic priority is some countries
- Japanese gov and insurance policies work together
What is the role of communities?
- local people first to respond
- search and rescue
- remote communities self reliant until aid which can take days
Name four hazard adaptation strategies
- Public education
- Modelling hazard impact
- Crisis mapping
- High tech monitoring
What is high tech monitoring?
GIS, early warning systems, satellite communication technology and mobile phone technology
Give an example of where high tech monitoring is used
Japanese government sent texts to everyone in the affected area in 2011 when P waves were detected
What is crisis mapping?
Crowd sourced information and satellite imaging to accurately map affected areas
Give an example of where crisis mapping was used?
2010 - Haiti used an interactive map set us by the people to provide info of what aid was needed
What is modelling hazard impact?
Information inputted on a computer model to report effects of a disaster
Give an example of where public education has been used
Japan - disaster prevention day and children have to practice evacuation routes four times a year
Name four hazard mitigation strategies
- Land use mapping
- Diverting lava flows
- GIS mapping
- Hazard resistant design and engineering defences
Give an example of where land use mapping has been used
Mount Taranaki in New Zealand divided into the likely type and extent of damage so planners can decide the most appropriate land use
Where was GIS mapping used?
Nepal in 2015 to plot airports
Where has hazard resistant design used?
Japan - computer controlled weights at the top of buildings
How can you modify the hazard of an earthquake?
- most protection focused on public buildings
- schools and factories strengthened for people to take shelter there
- Improved planning frameworks for private housing
- retrofit programme, demolishing hazardous buildings
How do you modify vulnerability of an earthquake?
- measuring primary and secondary waves to send to local municipality for emergency response
- strengthen local capacity before and after event
How do you modify loss of an earthquake?
- insurance to cover damage
How do you modify the hazard of a tsunami?
- Engineering
- Replanting coasts
- Limited evidence to prove mangroves dissipate wave energy
How do you modify vulnerability of a tsunami?
Tsunami Warning System - network of sensors and communications to quickly issue alerts for evacuation
How do you modify the hazard of a volcano?
Diverting or cooling lava flows by spraying sea water to prevent land and infrastructure loss
How do you modify vulnerability of a volcano?
Easier to predict due to many warning signs e.g. swelling of ground surface, network of sensors
How do you modify the loss of a volcano?
Insurance
