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DP Physics HL > Theme B > Flashcards

Theme B Flashcards

1
Q

Define thermal equilibrium

A

When there is no net heat flow between two objects.

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2
Q

State the zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other

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3
Q

Define temperature

A

The quantity which is equal between two objects in thermal equilibrium, such that heat spontaneously flows from high to low temperature.

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4
Q

Define internal energy

A

The sum of the total kinetic energy of the particles in a system and the total potential energy due to intermolecular forces, between the particles in the system.

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5
Q

What is heat according to kinetic theory

A

The transfer of internal energy between systems due to difference in tempuratures

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6
Q

What is temperature according to kinetic theory

A

A measurement of average internal kinetic energy of a system

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7
Q

Define conduction

A

Heat transfer through the contact forces

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8
Q

Define convection

A

Heat transfer via fluid between objects

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9
Q

Radiation

A

Heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation

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10
Q

State the formula relating thermal conductivity and heat:

A

Where:

∆Q = heat (J)
∆t = duration
k = thermal conductivity
A = cross-sectional area
∆T = different in temperature between the ends of the solid
∆x = width

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11
Q

Define heat capacity

A

The heat required to increase the temperature of a system by one unit

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12
Q

State the formula for specific heat capacity

A

Where:

Q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
∆T = change in temperature

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13
Q

Define latent heat

A

Heat which doesn’t result in a temperature change as it is resulting in a phase change.

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14
Q

State the formula for specific latent heat.

A

Where:

Q = heat
m = mass
L = specific latent heat

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15
Q

Define pressure

A

Perpendicular force per unit area over the surface of the system.

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16
Q

State the formula for pressure

A

Where:

P = pressure
F = force
A = area

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17
Q

Base SI units for pressure

A

Pascal, Pa

Pa = N⋅m⁻²

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18
Q

What is the unified atomic mass unit

A

One twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

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19
Q

State the equation for moles

A

Where:

n = amount of moles
N = number of particles
Na = Avogadro constant

20
Q

Define molar mass

A

Mass per mole of a molecule

21
Q

List the assumptions of an ideal gas

A
  • Volume of the molecules are negligible to the volume of the gas
  • Newtons laws of motion apply
  • There are only inter-molecular forces during collisions
  • The duration of a collision is negligible to the duration between collisions
  • The collisions of molecules with each other are elastic
  • The molecules move in random directions with a range of speeds
22
Q

List the conditions of ideal
gases

A
  • Low pressure
  • High temperature
  • Low density
23
Q

State the combined gas law

A

Where:

P = pressure
V = volume
T = temperature (KELVIN)

24
Q

State Avogadro’s law

A

At constant pressure and temperature, the volume occupied by a gas is directly proportional the number of molecules in the gas.

25
Q

State the ideal gas law

A

Where:

P = pressure
V = volume

n = number of moles
R = gas constant
T = temperature

N = number of particles
kb = Boltzmann’s constant

26
Q

State the equation of the pressure of an ideal gas

A

Where:

P = pressure
ρ = density
v = velocity of the molecules as they collide with the container

27
Q

State the equation for average temperature

A

Where:

Eₖ = average kinetic energy
kb = Boltzmann’s constant
T = temperature

28
Q

State the equations for internal energy of an ideal gas (all internal energy is kinetic)

A

Where:

U = internal energy (J)

n = number of moles
R = gas constant
T = temperature

N = number of particles
kb = Boltzmann’s constant

29
Q

State the equation for electric current

A

Where:

I = current
∆q = charge
∆t = time

30
Q

Another word for electric potential difference

A

Voltage

31
Q

What is the coulomb in SI

A

C = A⋅s (ampere seconds)

32
Q

Which charges flow in which direction of a current

A

Negative charges flow from low to high potential

33
Q

State the equation for resistance

A

Where:

R = resistance
I = current
V = voltage

34
Q

Base si unit of resistance

A

ohm, Ω = V⋅A⁻¹

35
Q

Define resistance

A

Ratio of applied voltage across to the resultant current of a conductor

36
Q

What do ohmic resistors follow

A

Ohms law, proportionality of current and voltage provided temperature is constant

37
Q

The resistance of a conductor depends on:

A
  • The length of the conductor
  • The cross sectional area of the conductor
  • The properties of the materials making up the conductor
38
Q

State the equation for resistivity

A

Where:

R = resistance
ρ = density
A = cross sectional area
L = length

39
Q

Where does resistivity originate from

A

Inelastic collisions of flowing electrons with the atoms of the conductor

40
Q

State the equation for power developed in a conductor due to joule heating

A

Where:

P = power
I = current
V = voltage
R = resistance

41
Q

What is emf

A

Energy transferred to a circuit per unit charge

Emf is not a force
Emf is not exactly voltage despite the unit

42
Q

What is a cell

A

A component which creates a constant emf in a circuit. This emf establishes a potential difference across the cell called the terminal voltage.

43
Q

Equation for emf

A

Where:

r = internal resistance
R = resistance
I = current

44
Q

State Kirchhoff’s current law:

A

The total sum of the electric current into a junction is zero.

45
Q

State Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

A

The total sum of the voltages around a loop is zero.

46
Q

Ammeters series or parallel

A

Series

47
Q

Do ideal ammeters have zero or infinite resistance

A

zero

DP Physics HL (6 decks)

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