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Anatomy of Head & Neck > Theme 7 > Flashcards

Theme 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Phases of Animal Development?

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Fertilisation
  3. Cleavage
    * Cell division in early embryo
  4. Gastrulation
  • Important in whether the pregnancy terminates or not
  • Formation of germ layers
  1. Organogenesis
  2. Growth
  3. Birth (or hatching)
  4. Juvenile phase
  5. Maturity
  6. Senescence &death
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2
Q

What are the Early stages of Mammalian Development?

A
  1. Fertilisation
  2. Cleavage
  3. Blastocyst formation
  4. Implantation
  5. Bilaminar embryo
  6. Gastrulation
  7. Trilaminar embryo
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3
Q

Stages of Development

  1. What time period is the Pre-Embryonic period?
  2. What time period is the Embryonic period?
  3. What time period is the Foetal period?
A
  • Before birth,*
    1. Week 2
    2. Week 2 - 8
    3. Week 9 - birth
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4
Q

What is Fertilisation?

What is the process of Fertilisation?

As as a result of Fertilisation, what occurs? - Consequences

A

Start of development

Process:

  1. Spermatozoa penetrates corona radiata
  2. Spermatozoa penetrates zona pellucida
  3. Fusion of oocyte & sperm membranes = zygote
  4. Cortical and zona reactions -Zona pellucida hardens to prevent more sperm entering Resumption of 2nd meiotic division
  5. Metabolic activation of the egg

Consequences:

  • Restores diploid chromosome number
  • Determines the sex
  • Cleavage begins
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5
Q

During the Pre-Embyronic period, what events occur?

A
  • Fertilisation
  • Cleavage
  • Morula= 16 cells
  • Blastocyst formation= 4 days
    • Zona pellicular breaks down
    • Inner cell mass forms the organism
    • Outer cells form trophoblast layer
  • Implantation
  • Formation of bilaminar embryo
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6
Q

What events occurs during the Embryonic period?

A
  • Further development of bilaminar embryo
  • Gastrulation
  • Transformation to trilaminar embryo
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7
Q

What events occurs during iImplantaiton?

A

Day 7: blastocyst implants on the uterine stroma

  • A blastocyst is a bilaminar embryo
  • Two cell layers (epiblast & hypoblast) with cavities either side (amnion & primitive yolk sac
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8
Q

What are the three layers of the Trilaminar Embryo?

A

Epiblast layer: forms the primitive streak

  • Cells develop underneath it as the mesoderm

Ectoderm: formed from the epiblast

  • Forms the neural tube & crest at 21 days

Endoderm: formed from the hypoblast

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9
Q

Ectodermal Germ Layer

  1. What are the deriviatives?
  2. Define Neuralation.
  3. What forms after neuralation ends?
    4.
A
  1. Derivatives: nervous system, mucosa, skin epidermis & sensory epithelia of nose, ear & eye
  2. Neuralation: folding process in embryos
    - arising nervous system
    - resulting in the formation of the neural tube & crest.
  • Neural tube: brain & spinal cord
  • Neural crest: peripheral nervous system
  1. Epidermis
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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the Mesodermal Germ Layer?

What does each division segmentate into?

What’s the differences between both divisions?

A
  1. Mesoderm of Trunk - 3 divisions
  • Paraxial mesoderm
  • Intermidiate mesoderm
  • Lateral Plate mesoderm
  1. Mesoderm of Head - 2 divisions & 2 origins
  • Paraxial mesoderm
  • Lateral Plate mesoderm
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11
Q

Mesoderm of Trunk

What are the divisions of the Paraxial Mesoderm?

What anatomical structure does each segmented mesoderm form?

A

Paraxial mesoderm:

  • Sclerotome: forms vertebrae
  • Myotome: forms skeletal muscles
  • Dermatome: forms dermis

Intermediate mesoderm: urogenital system

Lateral plate mesoderm: muscles, connective tissue & viscera

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12
Q

Mesoderm of Head

What are the 2 origins of the mesoderm of head cells?

What anatomical structure do the cells from each origin form?

A

Neural crest: facial skeleton & connective tissue lining the great vessels of the head & neck

Mesoderm: dermis, muscle, rest of skull & mesoderm lining the body cavity and viscera

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13
Q

Endodermal Germ Layer

What anatomical structure does it form?

What are the conditions required for it to form the derivative?

A

Forms GI tract

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14
Q

What are the Cranial Nerves & Muscular Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arches?

A
  1. V2 & V3 - Muscles of mastication, anterior digastric, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini & tensor tympani
  2. VII - Muscles of facial expression, posterior digastric, stylohyoid & stapedius
  3. IX - Stylopharyngeus

4/6. X&XI - Muscles of pharynx, soft palate & larynx

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15
Q

What are the Skeletal Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arches?

A
  1. Meckel’s cartilages, maxillary & mandibular processes, malleus & incus
  2. Styloid process, Lesser cornu and upper part of the body of hyoid & stylohyoid ligament
  3. Greater cornu of hyoid & lower part of body of hyoid

4/6. Cartilages of laryngeal framework

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16
Q

What seperates each pharyngeal arch?

A

Each arch is separated by a pharyngeal cleft/groove on the outside & a pharyngeal pouch on the inside

17
Q

What are the derivaives of the Pharyngeal Pouches?

A
  1. Tubotympanic recess, pharyngo-tympanic tube & middle ear cavity
  2. Palatine tonsil & tonsillar fossa
  3. Thymus & inferior parathyroid glands
  4. Superior parathyroid glands & C cells of thyroid gland
18
Q

Development of the Face

What are the 5 swellings?

What structures does each swelling form?

When does it develop?

At what stage does the face develop?

A

Frontonasal: forehead & nose

2x Maxillary: upper part of cheek, maxilla, zygoma, upper lip

2x Mandibular: mandible, lower lip

Face develops at 35 days

19
Q

Palate Development

How many Palates are there?

How does each palate form?

A

Primary Palate: Forms the hard palate around and in front of the incisive fossa

Secondary Palate:

  1. Palatal shelves initially grow downward
  2. Palatal shelves elevate & fuse
  3. Palatal selves fuse with primary palate
20
Q

Defects of Palate Closure

What are the three type of defevcts?

A

Primary defects: anterior to incisive fossa

Primary & secondary palates failing to fuse

Secondary defects: posterior to incisive fossa

Palatal shelves failing to fuse

Craniofacial defects arise from failure of fusion of the facial swellings

Anatomy of Head & Neck (12 decks)

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