Theme 6 - Development and Resource Issues Flashcards
What is development?
The process of change which improves the wealth and quality of life of people
What is economic development?
The result of increased employment and rising incomes
What is social development?
When there is a rise in life expectancy and greater access to education, healthcare, clean water and housing for all people, particularly for women and minority groups.
What is political development?
Forming a stable government and allowing greater freedom of speech
What is the development gap?
The widening difference in levels of development between the world’s richest and poorest countries
What is the development continuum?
A linear scale from highly developed countries to those with a low level of development
What is the world bank?
An international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes
What is GNI per capita?
Gross national income per capita is a measure of the economic output of a country, including income from foreign investments, divided by its population (per capita means per person)
What is GDP?
Gross national income is the total value of goods and services produced by a country
What are the limitations of the evidence of development?
They measure only wealth and do not include social factors
They do not recognise inequality within a country
They do not consider the cost of living within a country and hence the number of goods that can be bought with a given amount
How is economic development measured?
GDP
GNI
Employment structure
Poverty
How has global trade led to uneven patterns of development?
HICs generally export valuable manufactured goods and services such as electronics, cars and financial services. They import cheaper primary products like sugar, flowers, tea, and coffee.
LICs earn little and remain in poverty, the country is forced to borrow money to pay for its imports and the country goes into debt
What are the characteristics of a NIC?
Rapid economic growth based on exporting goods/services
Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation
Stable governments and strong political leaders
Large amounts of foreign direct investment from MNCs
An expanding domestic market
What is globalisation?
The process by which the world’s economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through networks of communication transportation and trade
What factors lead to globalisation?
Improved technology Improvements in communication Advances in transport The removal of trade barriers The growth of MNCs
Why do multinational companies locate plants in different countries?
Government incentives
Availability of raw materials
Lower labour costs
Proximity to the markets where goods are sold
Ability to sell inside trade barriers
Reduced costs of buildings and land
Weaker legislation with regard to staff safety and welfare, protecting the environment and planning
What has created the rapid growth in tourism?
Increased life expectancy and early retirement
Higher salaries and savings
Modern aircraft
The growth of holiday companies has made bookings easier and holidays more affordable
The internet has allowed people to find out about holiday destinations and make their own travel and accommodation agreements
More stable governments around the world have led to easier and safer travel
What are the different types of aid?
Bilateral Aid Multilateral aid Short-term emergency aid Long-term development aid Debt abolition Aid from non-governmental organisations
What are the aims of fair trade?
Minimum wages and safe working conditions
Restrictions on child labour
Protection of the environment
Improved schools and healthcare
What is the water footprint?
The total volume of water consumed and polluted by people. It is calculated by adding the direct and indirect water use of people
Why has global consumption of water increased?
Increasing population Economic development-The water footprint of HICs is much higher than in LICs Agricultural change Industrial growth Growth of consumerism
What is water security?
When people have enough safe and affordable water to stay healthy
When there is sufficient water for agriculture and industry
When the supply is sustainable and ecosystems that supply water are conserved
When people are protected from water-related hazards such as drought
What is water stress?
When the demand for water exceeds the available supply or when poor quality of water restricts its use
Name 6 strategies to manage water supply
Building dams and reservoirs Water transfer schemes Desalination plants Water conservation Using 'grey' water
