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Anatomy - Anatomy > Theme 6 > Flashcards

Theme 6 Flashcards

Pharynx and Larynx

1
Q

The Pharyngeal Wall

  1. Use
  2. What are the layers of the pharyngeal wall?
A
  1. Common passageway for food & air
  2. There are 4 layers:

Areolar: external fascial containing the pharyngeal plexus (of veins & nerves)

Muscular: 5 paired muscles

  • Circular & Longitudinal
  • Superior, middle & inferior constrictors - allowing swallowing. Innervated by CNX
  • Stylopharyngeus & Palatopharyngeus

Submucous

Muscosa

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2
Q

Semi-Circular Constrictor Muscles of the Pharynx

  1. Function
  2. Muscles
  3. Innvervation
A
  1. Swallowing
  2. All the muscles, posteriorly attach to the Pharyngeal Raphe

(which is attached to the pharyngeal tubercle)

Superior Constrictor:

Anterior attachments: Pterygomandibular Raphe, Post. border of Medial Pterygoid plate & posterior part of the mylohyoid line

Middle Constrictor: Between both horns of hyoid bone - overlapping the S.C muscle above

Inferior Constrictor: has 2 parts. Originate from Thyroid & Circoid

  • Thyropharyngeal: from thyroid cartilage oblique line
  • Cricopharyngeus: always closed (due to cricopharyngeus sphincter) relaxes during swallowing
  1. CNX
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3
Q

What are the three regions that compose the Interior of Pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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4
Q

Nasopharynx

  1. Where is it located?
  2. Where is the opening located?
  3. What structures are located within it?
A
  1. Superior portion of the pharynx found above the soft palate
  2. Opening of auditory tube is located in the lateral wall, posterior & inferior to the inferior nasal concha

3.

Salpingopharyngeal Fold: Small, mucous covered muscle; part of palatopharyngeus a

Pharyngeal Recess: a cleft between the salpingopharyngeal wall & posterior wall of the pharynx

Pharyngeal tonsils

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5
Q

Oropharynx

  1. Where is it located?
  2. What does it contain?
A
  1. located beneath the soft palate

2.

  • Palatopharyngeal arch
  • Palatopharyngeal fold
  • Palatoglossal fold/arch
  • Palatine tonsils - found between the arches
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6
Q

Laryngopharynx

What structures are found within?

What is the function of these structures?

A

Epiglottis: covers laryngeal inlet

Vallecula: gap between the epiglottis & tongue where things can fall.

  • Bounded by Lat. & Median glossoepiglottic folds

Periform Excess: directs food & water from the lateral channels into esophagus

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7
Q

Longitudinal Muscles of the Pharynx

  • Function
  • Innervation
A

Palatopharyngeus - CNXI

  • From soft palate to pharynx wall, Hyoid & Thyroid cartilages

Stylopharyngeus IX

Function: act to raise Pharynx & Larynx during swallowing (as do the suprahyoids)

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8
Q

Innervation of the Pharynx

A

Motor:

All by Pharyngeal branch of CNX BUT

Stylopharyngeus is CNIX & Palatopharyngeaus is CNXI travelling with CNX

Sensory:

CNIX: around mucosa

CNV2: soft palate & pharyngeal roof

CNX: around the laryngeal inlet

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9
Q

Blood Supply of the Pharynx

A
  1. Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
  2. Superior Thyroid Artery
  3. Inferior Thyroid Artery
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10
Q

Venous drainage of the Pharynx

A

Pharyngeal venous plexus into internal jugular vein

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11
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate

  • What are they?
  • What are their functions?
A

Levator Veli Palatini: Elevates soft palate

  • Opening of the pharyngotympanic tube into the palatine aponeurosis (Soft palate)

Tensor Veli Palatini: Elevates soft palate

  • via the medial pterygoid & Hamulus

Palatopharyngeus: Raises pharynx & larynx in swallowing

  • Longitudinal pharynx muscle
  • Forms palatopharyngeal arch after attachment with Hyoid & Thyroid cartilage

Palatoglossus: raises tongue & lowers soft palate

  • From palatoglossal fold to the side of the tongue = palatoglossal arch
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12
Q

Innervation of the Soft Palate

A

Sensory:

Soft palate = Lesser Palatine

Motor:

Muscles = Pharyngeal plexus

Tensor Veli Palatini = CNV3

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13
Q

Laryngeal Cartilages

A

Unpaired

C3-C4 level: under Adams apple

  • Epiglottis
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage

Paired

  • Arytenoid
    • Sits on posterior cricoid bt facet on its
    • Leans against the posterior wall of thyroid
  • Corniculate
    • Elastic
  • Cuneiform
    • Elastic
    • Thickenings within the quadrangular membrane
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14
Q

What are the Extrinsic & Intrinsic Laryngeal Membranes?

A

Extrinsic:

  • Cricotracheal
  • Thyrohyoid

Intrinsic:

  • Conus elasticus (cricothyroid)
  • Quadrangular (aryepiglottic)
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15
Q

Cricothyroid Joint

  1. What type of joint is it?
  2. Where is it located?
  3. How does it function?
A
  1. Synovial: has a capsule

2.

  • Inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage
  • Facet on cricoid cartilage

3.

  • Rotation about an axis between the two inferior cornuae & some gliding
  • Lengthen & shorten vocal folds
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16
Q

Cricoartenoid Joint

  1. What type of joint is it?
  2. Where is it located?
  3. How does it function?
A
  1. Synovial

2.

  • Facet on base of arytenoid
  • Face on shoulder of cricoid
  • Oval/concave/convex facet
  • Cricoarytenoid ligaments & oblique line is part of this joint

3.

  • Rocking & sliding
  • Open & close vocal folds (abduction & adduction)
17
Q

How is the Laryngeal Inlet controlled?

A

Aryepiglottic: contracts to close the inlet by drawing down the epiglottis

Thyroepiglottic: closes inlet

18
Q

How are the Vocal Folds controlled?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid (abduction)

  • Inferiorly attached to post. Aspect of the lamina of the cricoid fossa
  • Superiorly attached to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

Lateral cricoarytenoid (adduction)

Interarytenoid (adduction)

19
Q

How is it lengthened & shortened?

A

Cricothyroid (lengthen)

  • Contained numerous glands that secrete mucous and protect true vocal folds by keeping them moist

Thyroarytenoid (shorten)

20
Q

Motor Innervation of Larynx

A

Two nerves, branches of vagus nerve

Recurrent Laryngeal:

  • Motor to all intrinsic muscles apart from cricothyroid

External Laryngeal (of superior laryngeal)

  • Cricothyroid muscle
21
Q

Sensory Innervation of Larynx

A

Important in protective reflexes & voice production

Recurrent laryngeal: - below the vocal fold

To the mucous membrane covered true vocal folds and infraglottic cavity below vocal folds

  • Right: turns & passes under the right subclavian artery
  • Left: turns & passes under & around the aortic arch and then runs upwards

Internal Laryngeal: - above vocal folds

To the mucous membrane of the cavity of the larynx above the true vocal folds

22
Q

What are the different cavities found in the larynx?

A

Vestibule: supraglottic

  • Pits at the back of Epiglottis
  • Above true & false vocal folds

Ventricle: Laryngeal sinus

  • Keeps vocal cords moist
  • Sit between ventricular and vocal ligaments
  • Lies between true & false vocal folds

Infraglottic:

  • A comparement of the larnyx
  • Lies below the true vocal folds
23
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A
  1. Ventilatory when fully open - Inspiration & expiration
  2. Phonatory when Half open
  • Voice production
  • Articulation
  1. Sphincteric when fully closed
  • Protection from swallowing
  • Fixation in thorax
  • Regulation of abdominal pressure
  • Ingestion of foreign bodies
24
Q

Phonation

  1. What is Phonation?
  2. How does Phonation occur?
  3. What is the role of Arytenoids?
A
  1. Voice Production

2.

  1. Vocal folds adducted during expiration
  2. Pressure Rises
  3. Vocal fold abduct & air is released
  4. Vocal folds adduct & cycle repeats

3.

Rotation of arytenoids open and closes vocal cord

  • Normal breathing: vocal opening is diamond shape
  • Forced respiration: vocal opening widens
  • Phonation: vocal opening is closed

Anatomy - Anatomy (9 decks)

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