Theme 5A

Question 1

Neuroeducational techniques vs methods

Answer 1

Neuroeducational techniques: means of gathering data

Neuroeducational methods: how these techniques are used to answer research questions

Question 2

Research techniques Qualitative vs Quantitative

Answer 2

Quantitative
experimental (setting)
fixed context/surrounding looking at/changing variables statistics
testing hypotheses

Qualitative:
natural setting/real situation
open minded, no fixed assumptions generates ideas/creativity
involvement, subjective (?)
closeness of fit between data and theory

Question 3

Research techniques Types

Answer 3

o Questionnaires 
o Observation
o Interviews
o Focus groups 
o Thinking aloud 
o Eye tracking

Question 4

Questionaires + and -

Answer 4

+ efficient way of collecting facts
data amenable to quantification Internet - wide range reaching people comparable, merge data

• difficult facts, bias
  answers might not give wanted option

Question 5

Observation + and -

Answer 5

+ observe dynamics of behaviour rich data
recording (video/audio) natural setting

• no control over variables lot of data, choice, analysis transcription > subjective?

Question 6

Semi-structured interviews

Answer 6

+ obtaining information and gaining insight qualitative data
in depth, follow-up questions, change order

• not standardized: order, way of asking time consuming, trained staff
  difficult to compare
  lot of data, analysis difficult
  access to participants

Question 7

Focus groups

Answer 7

+ obtaining information and gaining insight Qualitative data
Multiple opinions

• not standardized: order, way of asking Time consuming, trained staff
  Difficult to compare
  Lot of data, analysis (?)
  Multiple opinions

Question 8

Thinking out loud

Answer 8

+ Insight in thoughts/processes during the task
- Unclear when it affects task performance Coding

Aim: Insight in invisible thought processes during a task
> Level 1 verbalization: inner speech
> Level 2 verbalization: recoding into verbal codes
> Level 3 verbalization: intermediate scanning, filtering and generating processes. Attention to additional information
> Not the same as introspection
> During the task, not retrospective
> Not asking for disturbing verbalizations, such as explanations

Question 9

Eye tracking

Answer 9

• Does not interfere with other cognitive processes
• Attention = where one looks
• More difficult = longer fixation times

Question 10

Sociacultural discourse analysis

Answer 10

o Observation: use of language and types of talk generated
o Language is a cultural tool
o Focus on the content and function of language, and how shared understanding is developed within a specific social context

Question 11

Grounded theory analysis

Answer 11

Inductive research – discovery of theory from data Glaser & Strauss, 1969 Iterative process
Starts with active, immediate codes, continues with increasingly abstract codes

Interpretation by researcher
> To avoid strong researcher bias: Engagement in the field and testing
interpretation towards participants perspectives (
> Discussion with multiple scorers until consensus

Question 12

RCT

Answer 12

+ Causality: whether an intervention works(compared with the control condition)

• Pure randomization may lead to unequal groups when N < 200

Random allocation of subjects to conditions
Controlled: With a control group
Trial: Experiment with an intervention