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EMS > Theme 5: Neoplasia - Part 2 > Flashcards

Theme 5: Neoplasia - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue a tumour can arise from?

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. epithelial tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
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2
Q

How do we classify benign epithelial tumours?

A
  1. Either glandular or secretory
  2. glandular- adenoma
    not secretory - papilloma
  3. Tumour then further identified - cell type of origin e.g squamous cell papilloma, thyroid adenoma
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3
Q

How do we classify malignant epithelial tumours?

A
  1. Carcinoma - non glandular epithelium e.g basal cell carcinoma
    OR
  2. Adenocarcinoma - glandular epithelium e.g colorectal adenocarcinoma
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4
Q

What is carcinoma “in-situ”?

A
  • abnormal cells but in the correct space- they then invade and become carcinoma
  • preceded by dysplasia (disordered maturation and nuclear changes)
  • not invaded through basement membrane
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5
Q

What are the prefixes of tumours that arise in the following tissues:

  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Adipose
  4. Blood vessel
  5. Bone
  6. Cartilage
  7. Fibrous
A
  1. Leiomyo-
  2. Rhabdomyo
  3. Lipo-
  4. Angio-
  5. Osteo-
  6. Chondro-
  7. Fibro-
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6
Q

What are malignant mesenchymal tumours called?

A

Sarcomas

e.g malignant tumour arising from fat wound be called liposarcoma

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7
Q

What is a melanocyte?

A

melanin - producing cell

responsible for skin colour

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8
Q

What is a melanocytes naevus?

A

mole

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9
Q

What is a mesothelioma?

A

arises from the pleural cavity - from the cells that line the pleura. Always malignant

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of CNS tumours?

A
  1. Meningioma - arise from meninges (membranes that cover the brain)
  2. Glioma - from glial cells
  3. Pituitary tumours
  4. Neurones
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11
Q

What are germ cell tumours and how are they classified?

A
  • arise from germ cells
  • either found in gonads (ovary and testis) or midline
  • nonclamature based on gonad - seminoma (testis) or dysgerminoma (ovary)
  • nonclamature based on differentiation (what tissues are the cells resembling) - yolk sac tumour, teratoma, choriocarcinoma embryonal carcinoma
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12
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

A mixed germ cell tumour (lots of different cell types) and is malignant

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13
Q

What are blastomas? give examples

A

cancerous growth developing in foetus or child

-retinoblastoma, nephroblastoma (“Wilm’s tumour), neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of haematological malignancies?

A
  1. leukaemia - marrow/blood
  2. lymphoma - lymph nodes/ other solid tissues
  3. myeloma - plasma cells
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15
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

non cancerous (benign) tumour made of an abnormal mixture of normal tissue and cells from the area in which it grows

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16
Q

What is a cyst?

A

A fluid filled space lined by epithelium

many causes, can be neoplastic

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17
Q

What would a benign tumour of blood vessels and fat be called?

A

vessels = angio
fat = lip
benign = -oma
= angiolipoma

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18
Q

What would a malignant tumour with epithelial and stromal components be called?

A

malignant epithelial - carcinoma
malignant stromal - sarcoma
= carcinosarcoma

19
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary tumour?

A

Primary- at site of origin

Secondary - metastatic

20
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Any agent that will statistically significantly increase your risk of getting cancer

21
Q

What is a “complete” carcinongen?

A

can initiate and promote
(chemically modifies DNA, induces proliferation and DNA replication) e.g UV light
-we need initiation and promotion

22
Q

What are the 5 categories of carcinogens?

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. Infectious agents e.g HPV
  3. Radiation
  4. Minerals e.g asbestos, heavy metals
  5. Physiological e.g oestrogen, androgens, obesity
23
Q

What do promotors do?

A
  • stimulate DNA replication for mutation fixation

- stimulate clonal expansion of mutated cells, which enables accumulation of further mutations

24
Q

What are the two consequences of mutations?

A
  1. Gain of function (activation of protocol-oncogenes)

2. Loss of function (inactivation of tumour suppressor genes)

25
Q

How do we inactive a TSG?

A

Methylation of CpG island

26
Q

What are two ways carcinogens can activate metabolism?

A
  1. direct acting - free radicals, nitrosamines, UV light, ionising radiation
  2. pro carcinogens - require enzymatic activation before reacting with DNA e.g aromatic amines
27
Q

What is the process from carcinogen exposure to cancer?

A
  1. Carcinogen exposure
  2. Metabolic activation
  3. DNA damage
    (4. DNA repair?)
  4. DNA replication
  5. Mutation
  6. Progression
  7. Cancer
28
Q

What defences do we have against carcinogens?

A
  • antioxidants (fruit and veg): act against free radicals
  • liver: detoxify and excrete carcinogens
  • DNA repair process
  • immune response: identifies abnormal cells
  • apoptosis: destroys abnormal cells
29
Q

How can alcohol cause cancer?

A
  • linked to oral, oesophageal, bowel and liver cancer
  • converted into acetaldehyde - can cause DNA damage
  • increases levels of oestrogen and testosterone
  • increases uptake in carcinogenic chemicals into cells within the upper GI
  • reduced levels of folate, needed for accurate DNA replication
  • can kill surface epithelium leading to unscheduled proliferation
30
Q

How many compounds with confirmed carcinogenic activity are found in cigarettes? give examples

A

70:

  • acetaldehyde
  • 1,3-butadiene
  • benzene
  • aromatic amines
31
Q

What factors increase your levels of oestrogen?

A
  • alcohol consumption
  • oral contraception
  • hormone replacement therapy
  • age of 1st pregnancy > 30 yrs
  • early menarche (1st period)
  • late menopause
  • post menopausal obesity
32
Q

how is chronic inflammation a cause of cancer?

A
  • DNA damage from free radicals released by immune cells (initiation)
  • Growth factor induced cell division to repair tissue damage - promotion
  • growth factors secreted also encourage growth of abnormal cells
33
Q

What are the 4 main environmental or behavioural factors that are attribituble to cancer deaths?

A
  1. diet
  2. tobacco
  3. infection
  4. reprod. behaviour
34
Q

What does sebaceous mean?

A

secrete an oily/ waxy matter called sebum

35
Q

What would a benign tumour of smooth muscle be called?

A

Leiomyoma

36
Q

What are 4 types of DNA repair mechanisms?

A
  1. base excision repair
  2. mismatch repair
  3. nucleotide excision repair
  4. recombinational repair
37
Q

What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium called?

A

adenoma

38
Q

What is a malignant tumour of cartilage called?

A

chondrosarcoma

39
Q

What is a malignant tumour of placental tissue called?

A

Choriocarcinoma

40
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Any agent that significantly increases the risk of developing cancer

41
Q

What is an initiator carcinogen?

A

any agent that will chemically modify DNA

42
Q

What is HNPCC and which cancer does this predispose you to?

A

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

predisposes to colorectal cancer

43
Q

In Xeroderma pigmentosa, there is a defect in which repair mechanism?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

XP - genetic disorder where there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by UV light

44
Q

Why if a group of people are all exposed to the same carcinogen, do they not get cancer?

A
  • different metabolic activation (cytochrome p450s)
  • differences in DNA repair mechanisms
  • differences in detoxification and excretion

EMS (16 decks)

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