Theme 4: Social and Cultural Changes - 1949-76 Flashcards

1
Q

What marriage reform took place under Mao?

A

Mao introduced the new Marriage Law

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2
Q

What was the new Marriage Law (1950)?

A

-concubinage (an interpersonal and sexual relationship in which the couple are not or cannot be married) was abolished
-arranged marriages were to be discontinued
-the paying of bride-price was forbidden
-women who had been forced to marry were entitled to divorce their partners
-all marriages had to be officially recorded
(N)-clauses were added to the PLA regulations giving soldiers the right to over-rule their wives plea for a divorce
(N)-women took to many husbands and proved distruptive

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3
Q

What was the impact of collectivisation on women?

A
  • women were allowed to own and sell property
  • —>undermines Great Leap Forward
  • —>capitalist
  • women were expected to do the worm of men which could be dangerous physical labour
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4
Q

What was the impact of the famine on women + family?

A
  • circumstances made it difficult for them to remain providers for their children
  • psychological shock suffered by mothers
  • divorce became common (less mouths to feed)
  • wife selling became popular (obtain grain to keep rest of household alive
  • prostitution became widespread
  • after wife-selling and famine, women refused to go back to their original homes
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5
Q

What was life like for women before Mao?

A

many women forced into arranged marriages. they could not own property and had no political voice

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6
Q

What was life like for women under Mao?

A

“women hold up half the sky”
-women could earn equal pay for equal work on the communes
-more job and educational opportunities
HOWEVER
-women had burden of working and looking after children
-women tended to get less food then men
-job and educational opportunities not as good as mens
-women suffered the most during the famine

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7
Q

How involved were women in the politics of China?

A

Jiang Qing had a key political role within the party - showing women now possessed greater control in the way the country was run
HOWEVER
women jobs within the party were limited and did not go very far

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8
Q

What was education like pre-Mao?

A
  • just 30% of men, 1% of women could read a simple letter

- males attended 4 years of schooling, females on 3 years

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9
Q

What was Mao’s educational reform?

A
  • new form of written language was introduced in order to simplify the highly complex characters
  • winter courses provided short courses for adult peasants
  • ministry of education was set up
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10
Q

What were the primary school student rates?

A

between 1949-57, students increased from 26million to 64million
by 1959 100% of rural girls finished, compared to 38% pre-Mao.

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11
Q

Why did the government introduce a new written language?

A
  • could be pronounced phonetically

- greatly improved communication

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12
Q

What were the failings of educational reform?

A
  • mainly children of party officials and of the old bourgeoisie attended
  • rural children mainly did not receive any education
  • winter schools ineffective as peasants forget what they had been taught the year before
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13
Q

Why was manual labour introduced into the curriculum?

A
  • to prepare students to expand china’s economic power

- during the Great Leap Forward, Mao promoted ‘half work half study’ curriculum that rejected traditional techniques

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14
Q

Why were schools and universities closed during the Cultural Revolution?

A
  • red guards abandoned their education to travel to rallies
  • young people denounced and attack their teachers
  • the violence completely shattered China’s school system
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15
Q

What were the urban and rural education systems focused on?

A

urban - academic elite, qualified

rural - vocational, aid the economy

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16
Q

What were the health treatments in China?

A
  • witch doctors
  • exorcisms
  • placation - sacrifice food and luxury
  • superstitious practices were widespread
  • acupuncture
  • herbal remedies
17
Q

What were the health problems in China?

A
  • lack of sanitation
  • worm infestation from using human fertilizer
  • lack of vitamin D - which soften the pelvis (childbirth became dangerous
  • superstition
  • spreading veneral diseases by local landlords
  • typhoid, cholera, dysentary
  • starvation
  • healthcare was expensive
  • years of military occupation lead to spreading of disease
  • poverty and ignorance
18
Q

What prevention was available in China?

A

There was no prevention available

19
Q

What measures were taken to improve healthcare?

A
  • prevention prioritised by the party rather than cure

- cadres showed peasants how to prevent spread by sanitation and public hygiene

20
Q

What improvements were there in healthcare?

A
  • doctors trained rose from 40,000 in 1949 to 150,000 in 1965
  • life expectancy rose from 36 to 57 years old
21
Q

What was the barefoot doctor initative?

A
  • young people to recieve medical training to treat the peasants in the countryside, as they had no western-style hospitals in rural areas
  • provided rudimentary healthcare
  • little equipment and mediciene
  • best healthcare rural areas ever saw
  • were able to deal with common problems
  • in 1973, over a million doctors had been trained
22
Q

What were the communist attitudes towards religion?

A
  • communist party denounced religion as feudal superstition
  • honouring ancestors and festivals were derided as old thoughts to be swept away
  • christianity was an example of imperalist, western thought - belief in God a myth
  • islamic mullahs were a rival to communist power
  • confuciasm upheld old imperial system and heirarchy/inequality
23
Q

What happened to Confusianism?

A

long-held beleifs were still there and chinese people did not abonden their beliefs

24
Q

What happened to Ancestor Worship?

A

long-held beliefs were still there and chinese people did not abonden their beliefs

25
Q

What happened to Christianity?

A

3000 protestants left china and after an initial resistance, 3000 catholics left, with 1500 christians jailed

26
Q

What happened to Buddhism?

A

generation of monks, nuns and buddhist followers had been wiped out, while buddhism in Tibet was repressed

27
Q

What happened to Islam?

A
  • faced resistance
  • endured communist rule better than other religions
  • fear from party of allienating themselves from muslim countries