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Russia > Theme 4 > Flashcards

Theme 4 Flashcards

1
Q

when was compulsory Labour introduced

A

September 1918

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2
Q

when was the Komsomol founded

A

1918

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3
Q

When was the Declaration of Rights of Toiling and Exploited People introduced and what did it do

A

1918- abolished private land ownership of land and universal labour duty

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4
Q

how many people were unemployed in 1918

A

100,000

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5
Q

what benefits were introduced 1918-21

A

ration cards, accessible to 22 million
community section delivered food to sick, work card for public transport

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6
Q

what happened 1921-24 and why

A

unemployment grew. by 12.5% of entire labour force
red army demobilised
no. of workers decreased in gov factories to save labour costs after NEP was introduced
225,000 administrators sacked after Civil War

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7
Q

what law was introduced in 1922 and what did it entail

A

Labour Law
unions right to negotiate working pay and conditions , social insurance

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8
Q

how much did urban population pay increase from 1913 to 1926

A

10%

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9
Q

what is an example in parasitism in Stalins social policies

A

Party first healthcare principle
vaccinated against typhus in Ukraine when there were 10,000 cases of malaria among general pop 1932

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10
Q

what was the name of the model town created by Stalin

A

Mgnigorsk

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11
Q

give an example of poor working conditions in Stalins era

A

100 people died in construction of first Moscow metro line

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12
Q

what is the Russian term for the continuous working week

A

nepreryvka

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13
Q

in 1926 what was unemployment at

A

1 million

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14
Q

in 1927 the average Soviet worker produced how much compared to a British worker

A

50%

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15
Q

what was the Shaky Trial and when was it

A

technical attack on intelligentsia of the USSR and to discredit moderates within the political leadership

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16
Q

from 1928 to 32 number of students in Factory Apprenticeship Schools rose from 21.8 million to 3.3 million

A

21.8 million to 3.3 million half of them from peasant origin

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17
Q

what were piecework rates

A

where workers were paid according to how much they produced

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18
Q

what was the name of the national work hero

A

Alexei Stakhanov

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19
Q

when were internal passports introduced

A

1932

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20
Q

in 1937 what percentage of workers changed their job in each quarter if the year

A

30%

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21
Q

when was absenteeism made an offence

A

1939

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22
Q

how much housing was destroyed in the war

A

1/3 of urban housing

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23
Q

what percentage of urban housing was denationalised under NEP

A

60-80%

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24
Q

Between 1950 and 1965 how much did urban housing increase by

A

doubled

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25
Q

what is the Little deal/ social contract known as

A

tacit bargain

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26
Q

what is an example of women playing a supportive role between 1917 and 1940

A

Worker and the Kolkhoz woman, with man representing industry and women representing agriculture

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27
Q

give a piece of evidence of how women role changed in propaganda during WW2

A

The Motherland is Calling elaborated the vital work of women.during the war

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28
Q

what names are given to female soldiers to represent social equality that had allegedly been achieved

A

frontovichki- used in Khrushchev’s Secret Speech

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29
Q

who was the first women in space and when

A

Valentina Tereshkova in 1963

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30
Q

what type of campaign did Brezhnev launch directed at women

A

prenatal campaign

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31
Q

by 1955 what percentage of the working force were women

A

49%

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32
Q

when was Zhenotdel established and what was it and who lead it

A

women’s department of CP
Alexandra Kollontai

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33
Q

what was the increase of women working in industry between NEP and 1940 n

A

10 million

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34
Q

what percentage of mens wages were women paid under Stalin for doing the same job

A

60%

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35
Q

what percentage of the workforce did women make up in WW2

A

75%

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36
Q

what was BAM recruitment and when was it introduced

A

1974
proposed as an opportunity for women to gain liberation through work but rather was a scheme to provide male workers who staffed the project female company
emphasised purity
expected tone independent and equal but in a way that served men

37
Q

by 1970s what percentage of medical doctors were women

A

70%

38
Q

what was the triple shift and who tackled it

A

women in the country by providing agricultural labour on farms, household chores and handicrafts for supplement income

39
Q

by 1945 h0w many women had served in combat roles

A

800,000

40
Q

what was the name of the female flyer who famously shot down 12 German planes

A

Lydia Litvyak

41
Q

what percentage of women were party ,embers in 1918

A

10%

42
Q

female party members who married were encouraged to

A

join wife activists movement and help organise nurseries

43
Q

what did the proportion of women in the party rise to between 1956 and 83

A

19.7-26

44
Q

when as Zhenotdel created and abolished

A

1919 and 1930

45
Q

what did the Zhenotdel achieve

A

from 1919 women given the legal right to equal pay and equal voting rights
co-education
abortion legalised
1926 divorce made available by letter
;imitations
quickly became meaningless
legal rights difficult to uphold as soviet law courts had little authority
men divorced women as soon as they were pregnant 70%of divorces initiated by men 1917-28

46
Q

when was the Marriage Code introduced and what did it do

A

1926- gave couples living in the same house the same rights as legally married couples

47
Q

what legal changes for women were introduced in 1936

A

abortion criminalised
male homosexuality criminalised
lesbianism considered a disease
sex outside marriage stigmatised
divorce made expensive

48
Q

what was Stalin’s pronatalist incentive

A

5000 tubules for women with 11 children

49
Q

in 1956 women’s magazines emerged gov an example and what it included

A

Woman Worker- exposed double shift

50
Q

what legalities towards women were introduced under K and what were the limitations

A

1955 abortion legalised
1956 state maternity increases from 77-112 days
Seven Year Plan included aims to eliminate double shift
double shift not eliminated
some employers refused to recognise new legalities regarding maternity leave and pay

51
Q

what was the name of the feminist group that emerged 1979-82 and what did they do

A

Almanac est in Leningrad
tried to raise questions about women’s rights through magazine, Gove suppressed it and members force to emigrate due to police harassment

52
Q

in 1914 what was the literacy rate

A

32%

53
Q

what did the decree in Oct 1918 do to education in the SU

A

est unified labour schools for free polytechnic ic education
banned religious instruction in schools
co-education
abolished corporal punishment, homework and exams
promised free breakfasts
church buildings converted into schools
made education compulsory

54
Q

who ran education sector

A

Lunacharsky

55
Q

what id the NEP do to education

A

forced some schools to close to save money
introduced fees for primary and secondary school
scrapped plans for children homes built linked to school- 7 million orphaned in CW
number of schools halved

56
Q

How did education change from 1927

A

fees for primary school were abolished
by 1928 60% of primary school aged children are in primary school

57
Q

stat showing inequalities of education between middle and working class under the Tsar

A

90% of middle class children started secondary school compared to 40% of working class under the

58
Q

when was the Komsomol est and who was it for

A

1918 people aged 16 to 28

59
Q

when was the Young Pioneers est and who was it for

A

1922
children aged 10 to 15

60
Q

when was the Decree on Illiteracy and what did it entail

A

1919
required all illiterate people aged 8 to 50 to learn to read and write

61
Q

by 1925 what percentage of the Red Army could read and write

A

100%

62
Q

what did Lunacharksy set up to try and increase literacy rates

A

likpunky that offered six week intensive courses for reading and writing

63
Q

in CW schools had one pen for every

A

22 students

64
Q

under the NEP what percentage of reading room networks were shut down

A

90%

65
Q

Transport workers union achieved what percentage of literacy by 1927

A

99%

66
Q

what did literacy increase to from 1914 to 1928

A

38% to 55%

67
Q

how many volunteers were recruited from the Komsomol to educate workers and peasants under Stalin

A

3 milion

68
Q

what percentage of teachers were physically attacked during the collectivisation of agriculture

A

40%

69
Q

during the first year of the five year plan what percentage of adults attended literacy courses

A

90%

70
Q

by 1939 what percentage of Soviet citizens were literate

A

94%

71
Q

a decree in 1931 was passed directed at changing the curriculum, what are these changes

A

abolished polytechnic focus
shifted focus to core subjects: reading, writing, maths and science

72
Q

when was the decree introducing new standards of discipline initiated

A

1932

73
Q

what heroic figure was used to set an example for Komsomol members

A

Pavlov Morozov, reportedly killed by a kulak at 14

74
Q

what percentage of children were enrolled in primary school under Stalin

A

95%

75
Q

what percentage did unis increase by from 1914 to 1939

A

800%

76
Q

by 1939 how many students had completed the secondary education compared to the 216,000 in NEP years

A

1.5 million

77
Q

by 1953 what percentage of children gained a full primary education

A

100%

78
Q

Between 1946 and 1952 Labour Reserve Schools recruited how many people

A

4.2 million young people

79
Q

what was the difference in uni enrolment between 1927 and 1940

A

170,000 to 812,000

80
Q

by 1944 how many students remained at uni

A

227,000

81
Q

what did the number of teachers rise by from 1953 to 64

A

700,000

82
Q

what did the percentage of students who completed secondary education rise to between 1953 and 1959

A

20-75%

83
Q

what did the 1959 Education Law introduce

A

made education compulsory for children aged 7 to 15
required schools to offer 11 year programmes rather than ten
ensured most academically gifted would be given places at special schools
introduced a course ‘the fundamentals of political knowledge

84
Q

what were K final educational reforms

A

Nov 1960 new code of conduct introduced
1961 K ordered new emphasis on foreign languages
final exams replaced by continuous assessment
June 1962 teachers lost right to expel students who were underperforming

85
Q

curriculum changes were not introduced to what percentage of schools

A

47%

86
Q

Between 1964-66 the Council of Ministers introduced what reforms

A

ended 11 year schooling policy
drew up temp curriculum
ended vocational training
abandoned compulsory secondary education

87
Q

by 1976 what percentage of school students completed secondary education

A

60%

88
Q

between 1953 and 80 student numbers in higher education grew from. to.

A

1.5 million to 5 million

Russia (5 decks)

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