Theme 4 Flashcards
when was compulsory Labour introduced
September 1918
when was the Komsomol founded
1918
When was the Declaration of Rights of Toiling and Exploited People introduced and what did it do
1918- abolished private land ownership of land and universal labour duty
how many people were unemployed in 1918
100,000
what benefits were introduced 1918-21
ration cards, accessible to 22 million
community section delivered food to sick, work card for public transport
what happened 1921-24 and why
unemployment grew. by 12.5% of entire labour force
red army demobilised
no. of workers decreased in gov factories to save labour costs after NEP was introduced
225,000 administrators sacked after Civil War
what law was introduced in 1922 and what did it entail
Labour Law
unions right to negotiate working pay and conditions , social insurance
how much did urban population pay increase from 1913 to 1926
10%
what is an example in parasitism in Stalins social policies
Party first healthcare principle
vaccinated against typhus in Ukraine when there were 10,000 cases of malaria among general pop 1932
what was the name of the model town created by Stalin
Mgnigorsk
give an example of poor working conditions in Stalins era
100 people died in construction of first Moscow metro line
what is the Russian term for the continuous working week
nepreryvka
in 1926 what was unemployment at
1 million
in 1927 the average Soviet worker produced how much compared to a British worker
50%
what was the Shaky Trial and when was it
technical attack on intelligentsia of the USSR and to discredit moderates within the political leadership
from 1928 to 32 number of students in Factory Apprenticeship Schools rose from 21.8 million to 3.3 million
21.8 million to 3.3 million half of them from peasant origin
what were piecework rates
where workers were paid according to how much they produced
what was the name of the national work hero
Alexei Stakhanov
when were internal passports introduced
1932
in 1937 what percentage of workers changed their job in each quarter if the year
30%
when was absenteeism made an offence
1939
how much housing was destroyed in the war
1/3 of urban housing
what percentage of urban housing was denationalised under NEP
60-80%
Between 1950 and 1965 how much did urban housing increase by
doubled
what is the Little deal/ social contract known as
tacit bargain
what is an example of women playing a supportive role between 1917 and 1940
Worker and the Kolkhoz woman, with man representing industry and women representing agriculture
give a piece of evidence of how women role changed in propaganda during WW2
The Motherland is Calling elaborated the vital work of women.during the war
what names are given to female soldiers to represent social equality that had allegedly been achieved
frontovichki- used in Khrushchev’s Secret Speech
who was the first women in space and when
Valentina Tereshkova in 1963
what type of campaign did Brezhnev launch directed at women
prenatal campaign
by 1955 what percentage of the working force were women
49%
when was Zhenotdel established and what was it and who lead it
women’s department of CP
Alexandra Kollontai
what was the increase of women working in industry between NEP and 1940 n
10 million
what percentage of mens wages were women paid under Stalin for doing the same job
60%
what percentage of the workforce did women make up in WW2
75%
what was BAM recruitment and when was it introduced
1974
proposed as an opportunity for women to gain liberation through work but rather was a scheme to provide male workers who staffed the project female company
emphasised purity
expected tone independent and equal but in a way that served men
by 1970s what percentage of medical doctors were women
70%
what was the triple shift and who tackled it
women in the country by providing agricultural labour on farms, household chores and handicrafts for supplement income
by 1945 h0w many women had served in combat roles
800,000
what was the name of the female flyer who famously shot down 12 German planes
Lydia Litvyak
what percentage of women were party ,embers in 1918
10%
female party members who married were encouraged to
join wife activists movement and help organise nurseries
what did the proportion of women in the party rise to between 1956 and 83
19.7-26
when as Zhenotdel created and abolished
1919 and 1930
what did the Zhenotdel achieve
from 1919 women given the legal right to equal pay and equal voting rights
co-education
abortion legalised
1926 divorce made available by letter
;imitations
quickly became meaningless
legal rights difficult to uphold as soviet law courts had little authority
men divorced women as soon as they were pregnant 70%of divorces initiated by men 1917-28
when was the Marriage Code introduced and what did it do
1926- gave couples living in the same house the same rights as legally married couples
what legal changes for women were introduced in 1936
abortion criminalised
male homosexuality criminalised
lesbianism considered a disease
sex outside marriage stigmatised
divorce made expensive
what was Stalin’s pronatalist incentive
5000 tubules for women with 11 children
in 1956 women’s magazines emerged gov an example and what it included
Woman Worker- exposed double shift
what legalities towards women were introduced under K and what were the limitations
1955 abortion legalised
1956 state maternity increases from 77-112 days
Seven Year Plan included aims to eliminate double shift
double shift not eliminated
some employers refused to recognise new legalities regarding maternity leave and pay
what was the name of the feminist group that emerged 1979-82 and what did they do
Almanac est in Leningrad
tried to raise questions about women’s rights through magazine, Gove suppressed it and members force to emigrate due to police harassment
in 1914 what was the literacy rate
32%
what did the decree in Oct 1918 do to education in the SU
est unified labour schools for free polytechnic ic education
banned religious instruction in schools
co-education
abolished corporal punishment, homework and exams
promised free breakfasts
church buildings converted into schools
made education compulsory
who ran education sector
Lunacharsky
what id the NEP do to education
forced some schools to close to save money
introduced fees for primary and secondary school
scrapped plans for children homes built linked to school- 7 million orphaned in CW
number of schools halved
How did education change from 1927
fees for primary school were abolished
by 1928 60% of primary school aged children are in primary school
stat showing inequalities of education between middle and working class under the Tsar
90% of middle class children started secondary school compared to 40% of working class under the
when was the Komsomol est and who was it for
1918 people aged 16 to 28
when was the Young Pioneers est and who was it for
1922
children aged 10 to 15
when was the Decree on Illiteracy and what did it entail
1919
required all illiterate people aged 8 to 50 to learn to read and write
by 1925 what percentage of the Red Army could read and write
100%
what did Lunacharksy set up to try and increase literacy rates
likpunky that offered six week intensive courses for reading and writing
in CW schools had one pen for every
22 students
under the NEP what percentage of reading room networks were shut down
90%
Transport workers union achieved what percentage of literacy by 1927
99%
what did literacy increase to from 1914 to 1928
38% to 55%
how many volunteers were recruited from the Komsomol to educate workers and peasants under Stalin
3 milion
what percentage of teachers were physically attacked during the collectivisation of agriculture
40%
during the first year of the five year plan what percentage of adults attended literacy courses
90%
by 1939 what percentage of Soviet citizens were literate
94%
a decree in 1931 was passed directed at changing the curriculum, what are these changes
abolished polytechnic focus
shifted focus to core subjects: reading, writing, maths and science
when was the decree introducing new standards of discipline initiated
1932
what heroic figure was used to set an example for Komsomol members
Pavlov Morozov, reportedly killed by a kulak at 14
what percentage of children were enrolled in primary school under Stalin
95%
what percentage did unis increase by from 1914 to 1939
800%
by 1939 how many students had completed the secondary education compared to the 216,000 in NEP years
1.5 million
by 1953 what percentage of children gained a full primary education
100%
Between 1946 and 1952 Labour Reserve Schools recruited how many people
4.2 million young people
what was the difference in uni enrolment between 1927 and 1940
170,000 to 812,000
by 1944 how many students remained at uni
227,000
what did the number of teachers rise by from 1953 to 64
700,000
what did the percentage of students who completed secondary education rise to between 1953 and 1959
20-75%
what did the 1959 Education Law introduce
made education compulsory for children aged 7 to 15
required schools to offer 11 year programmes rather than ten
ensured most academically gifted would be given places at special schools
introduced a course ‘the fundamentals of political knowledge
what were K final educational reforms
Nov 1960 new code of conduct introduced
1961 K ordered new emphasis on foreign languages
final exams replaced by continuous assessment
June 1962 teachers lost right to expel students who were underperforming
curriculum changes were not introduced to what percentage of schools
47%
Between 1964-66 the Council of Ministers introduced what reforms
ended 11 year schooling policy
drew up temp curriculum
ended vocational training
abandoned compulsory secondary education
by 1976 what percentage of school students completed secondary education
60%
between 1953 and 80 student numbers in higher education grew from. to.
1.5 million to 5 million
