Theme 3.1.3 Flashcards
1
Q
Alpha rhythm on EEG:
A
slow waves, high amplitude
2
Q
Beta rhythm on EEG:
A
Fast waves, low amplitude
3
Q
What is the autoregulation of the blood vessels in the brain?
A
= myogenic response/Bayliss effect. This is a property of smooth muscle.
4
Q
Expressive aphasia + location
A
Broca, posterior
5
Q
Receptive aphasia + location
A
Wernicke, anterior
6
Q
Malignant neuroleptic syndrome: (classic triad)
A
- Muscle rigidity
- Increased creatinine phosphokinase
- Hyperthermia
7
Q
CN I
A
Olfactory nerve
8
Q
Olfactory nerve:
A
Smell
9
Q
CN II
A
optic nerve
10
Q
Optic nerve
A
Vision
11
Q
CN III
A
Oculomotor nerve
12
Q
Oculomotor nerve
A
- Extraocular eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, medial rectus, levator palpebrae superioris)
- Pupil and ciliary muscles
13
Q
CN IV
A
Trochlear nerve
14
Q
Trochlear nerve
A
- Superior oblique muscle –> depressing and laterally rotating the eye
15
Q
CN V:
A
Trigeminal nerve
16
Q
Trigeminal nerve
A
Supplies skin of the: - Scalp - Palpebrae - Conjunctiva - External ear - Face Supplies oral cavity. Supplies the chewing muscles
17
Q
CN VI:
A
Adbucens nerve
18
Q
Abducens nerve
A
Lateral rectus muscle –> rotation of the eye
19
Q
CN VII:
A
Facial nerve
20
Q
Facial nerve:
A
Supplies muscles of facial expressions, stapedius muscle, specific glands, anterior 2/3rd of the tongue, and the tympanic membrane
21
Q
CN VIII:
A
Vestibulocochlear nerve
22
Q
Vestibulocochlear nerve:
A
Hearing and balance
23
Q
CN IX:
A
Glossopharyngeal nerve
24
Q
Glossopharyngeal nerve:
A
Supplies:
- Pharynx
- Soft palate
- Tonsils
- Posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
25
CN X
Vagus nerve
26
Vagus nerve:
Supplies:
- Larynx
- Heart
- thoracic and abdominal viscera
27
CN XI:
Accessory nerve
28
Accessory nerve:
Supplies:
- Sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius muscle
29
CN XII:
Hypoglossal nerve
30
Hypoglossal nerve:
Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
31
Basal place cells form
Motor nerves
32
Alar plate cells form
Sensory nerves
33
Horner's syndrome:
Failure of the sympathetic innervation of the eye.
- Pupil constriction, but light reflex is intact
- Incomplete ptosis, but sight is not affected
- Impaired sweat secretion
34
Autonomic neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called:
Cholinergic
35
Autonomic neurons that secrete norepineprine are called:
Adrenergic
36
There are two types of cholinergic receptors:
Muscarinic and nicotinic
37
Where can we find nicotinic receptors?
In synapses between preganglionic and postgangionic neurons of the PS and OS, as well as in the skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction.
38
Where can we find muscarinic receptors?
On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic neurons of the PS and postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the OS.
39
Norepinephrine excites mainly which receptors?
Alpha receptors
40
Epinephrine excites mainly what kind of adrenergic receptors?
Alpha and beta equally.
41
Stimulation of alpha receptors results in: (3)
- Vasoconstriction
- dilation of the iris
- contraction of the intestinal and bladder sphincters
42
Stimulation of beta 1 receptors causes (2):
- Increase in heart rate
| - Increase in strength of heart muscle contraction
43
Stimulation of beta 2 receptors causes (5):
- Skeletal muscle vasodilation
- Bronchodilation
- Uterine relaxtation
- Calorigenesis
- Glycogenolysis
44
first degree AV block:
prolonged PR interval
45
Second degree AV block (Mobitz 1/Wenckebach):
The PR-interval keeps getting longer until one drops
46
Second degree AV block (Mobitz II):
The PR interval is prolonged, but constant
47
Third degree AV block:
a complete block, there is no relation between the P-waves and the QRS-complexes.
48
Function of the amygdala:
Determines the emotional and motivational value of the sensory information entering the brain.
49
Function of the hippocampus:
Corresponding to emotional memory and time orientation.
50
Apraxia:
Patients with apraxia cannot perform daily activities anymore, despite the assignment being well-understood.
51
Ideomotor apraxia:
The patient is unable to follow isolated verbal instructions or perform a task as demonstrated.
52
Ideational apraxia:
Disturbance in the concept of the sequential organisation of voluntary actions.
53
Agnosia:
The inability to interpret sensory perceptions.
54
Kluver-Bucy syndrome:
There is no emotional significance attached to incoming stimuli.
55
Confabulations:
The patient subconsciously fills in memory loss with made-up stories.
56
Wernickes encephalopathy:
Caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency. Classically, Wernicke's encephalopathy is characterised by a triad of symptoms:
- opthalmoplegia
- confusion
- ataxia
This condition is still reversible, but can also be followed by Korsakoff's syndrome.
57
Disorder of the temporal-occipital regions:
Visual agnosia, the 'what' system.
58
Visual agnosia:
The patient cannot recognise or interpret visual information.
59
Apperceptive visual agnosia:
The patient cannot recognise visual information, because incoming visual information is not integrated into a coherent image.
60
Associative visual agnosia:
Objects are recognised, but no significance can be attached to them.
61
Visual object agnosia + where is the damage located?
The ability to recognise objects is impaired. The damage is located in the language-dominant hemisphere.
62
Prosopagnosia + location
The recognition of faces is impaired. The damage is located in the non-dominant hemisphere.
63
Visual anomia:
The patient knows what the object is, but cannot name it.
64
Disorders of the occipital-parietal regions:
Disorder of the 'where' system, the patient has difficulty determining the orientation of objects in space.
65
Balint syndrome:
A rare manifestation of visual and spatial difficulties caused by bilateral injuries in the parietal lobe.
66
Frontotemporal dementia primarily affects:
Behaviour, personality and language.
67
Lewy body dementia:
Lewy body deposits develop in nerve cells in brain regions involved in thinking, memory and movement.
68
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:
A rare, fast progressing form of dementia.
69
A frontal syndrome is characterized by: (2)
Disinhibition, lack of initiative
