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Year 3 > Theme 3.1.3 > Flashcards

Theme 3.1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha rhythm on EEG:

A

slow waves, high amplitude

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2
Q

Beta rhythm on EEG:

A

Fast waves, low amplitude

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3
Q

What is the autoregulation of the blood vessels in the brain?

A

= myogenic response/Bayliss effect. This is a property of smooth muscle.

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4
Q

Expressive aphasia + location

A

Broca, posterior

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5
Q

Receptive aphasia + location

A

Wernicke, anterior

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6
Q

Malignant neuroleptic syndrome: (classic triad)

A
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Increased creatinine phosphokinase
  • Hyperthermia
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7
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve

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8
Q

Olfactory nerve:

A

Smell

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9
Q

CN II

A

optic nerve

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10
Q

Optic nerve

A

Vision

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11
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve

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12
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A
  • Extraocular eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, medial rectus, levator palpebrae superioris)
  • Pupil and ciliary muscles
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13
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve

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14
Q

Trochlear nerve

A
  • Superior oblique muscle –> depressing and laterally rotating the eye
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15
Q

CN V:

A

Trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A 
Supplies skin of the:
- Scalp
- Palpebrae
- Conjunctiva
- External ear
- Face
Supplies oral cavity.
Supplies the chewing muscles
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17
Q

CN VI:

A

Adbucens nerve

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18
Q

Abducens nerve

A

Lateral rectus muscle –> rotation of the eye

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19
Q

CN VII:

A

Facial nerve

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20
Q

Facial nerve:

A

Supplies muscles of facial expressions, stapedius muscle, specific glands, anterior 2/3rd of the tongue, and the tympanic membrane

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21
Q

CN VIII:

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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22
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve:

A

Hearing and balance

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23
Q

CN IX:

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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24
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve:

A

Supplies:

  • Pharynx
  • Soft palate
  • Tonsils
  • Posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
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25
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve

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26
Q

Vagus nerve:

A

Supplies:

  • Larynx
  • Heart
  • thoracic and abdominal viscera
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27
Q

CN XI:

A

Accessory nerve

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28
Q

Accessory nerve:

A

Supplies:

  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius muscle
29
Q

CN XII:

A

Hypoglossal nerve

30
Q

Hypoglossal nerve:

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

31
Q

Basal place cells form

A

Motor nerves

32
Q

Alar plate cells form

A

Sensory nerves

33
Q

Horner’s syndrome:

A

Failure of the sympathetic innervation of the eye.

  • Pupil constriction, but light reflex is intact
  • Incomplete ptosis, but sight is not affected
  • Impaired sweat secretion
34
Q

Autonomic neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called:

A

Cholinergic

35
Q

Autonomic neurons that secrete norepineprine are called:

A

Adrenergic

36
Q

There are two types of cholinergic receptors:

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

37
Q

Where can we find nicotinic receptors?

A

In synapses between preganglionic and postgangionic neurons of the PS and OS, as well as in the skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction.

38
Q

Where can we find muscarinic receptors?

A

On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic neurons of the PS and postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the OS.

39
Q

Norepinephrine excites mainly which receptors?

A

Alpha receptors

40
Q

Epinephrine excites mainly what kind of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta equally.

41
Q

Stimulation of alpha receptors results in: (3)

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • dilation of the iris
  • contraction of the intestinal and bladder sphincters
42
Q

Stimulation of beta 1 receptors causes (2):

A
  • Increase in heart rate

- Increase in strength of heart muscle contraction

43
Q

Stimulation of beta 2 receptors causes (5):

A
  • Skeletal muscle vasodilation
  • Bronchodilation
  • Uterine relaxtation
  • Calorigenesis
  • Glycogenolysis
44
Q

first degree AV block:

A

prolonged PR interval

45
Q

Second degree AV block (Mobitz 1/Wenckebach):

A

The PR-interval keeps getting longer until one drops

46
Q

Second degree AV block (Mobitz II):

A

The PR interval is prolonged, but constant

47
Q

Third degree AV block:

A

a complete block, there is no relation between the P-waves and the QRS-complexes.

48
Q

Function of the amygdala:

A

Determines the emotional and motivational value of the sensory information entering the brain.

49
Q

Function of the hippocampus:

A

Corresponding to emotional memory and time orientation.

50
Q

Apraxia:

A

Patients with apraxia cannot perform daily activities anymore, despite the assignment being well-understood.

51
Q

Ideomotor apraxia:

A

The patient is unable to follow isolated verbal instructions or perform a task as demonstrated.

52
Q

Ideational apraxia:

A

Disturbance in the concept of the sequential organisation of voluntary actions.

53
Q

Agnosia:

A

The inability to interpret sensory perceptions.

54
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome:

A

There is no emotional significance attached to incoming stimuli.

55
Q

Confabulations:

A

The patient subconsciously fills in memory loss with made-up stories.

56
Q

Wernickes encephalopathy:

A

Caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency. Classically, Wernicke’s encephalopathy is characterised by a triad of symptoms:
- opthalmoplegia
- confusion
- ataxia
This condition is still reversible, but can also be followed by Korsakoff’s syndrome.

57
Q

Disorder of the temporal-occipital regions:

A

Visual agnosia, the ‘what’ system.

58
Q

Visual agnosia:

A

The patient cannot recognise or interpret visual information.

59
Q

Apperceptive visual agnosia:

A

The patient cannot recognise visual information, because incoming visual information is not integrated into a coherent image.

60
Q

Associative visual agnosia:

A

Objects are recognised, but no significance can be attached to them.

61
Q

Visual object agnosia + where is the damage located?

A

The ability to recognise objects is impaired. The damage is located in the language-dominant hemisphere.

62
Q

Prosopagnosia + location

A

The recognition of faces is impaired. The damage is located in the non-dominant hemisphere.

63
Q

Visual anomia:

A

The patient knows what the object is, but cannot name it.

64
Q

Disorders of the occipital-parietal regions:

A

Disorder of the ‘where’ system, the patient has difficulty determining the orientation of objects in space.

65
Q

Balint syndrome:

A

A rare manifestation of visual and spatial difficulties caused by bilateral injuries in the parietal lobe.

66
Q

Frontotemporal dementia primarily affects:

A

Behaviour, personality and language.

67
Q

Lewy body dementia:

A

Lewy body deposits develop in nerve cells in brain regions involved in thinking, memory and movement.

68
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:

A

A rare, fast progressing form of dementia.

69
Q

A frontal syndrome is characterized by: (2)

A

Disinhibition, lack of initiative

Year 3 (4 decks)

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