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History > Theme 3: War and Revolution > Flashcards

Theme 3: War and Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 key changes to examine?

A
  1. Political
    -Structure
    -Reform
    -Ideology
  2. Economic
    -Reform
    -Impact
  3. Social
    -Opposition
    -Reform
    -Repression
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2
Q

THE CRIMEAN WAR- When was it?

A

Began in 1853- 1856
-Alexander II

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3
Q

Who was the Crimean war between?

A

Russia and the Turkish, supported by Britain and France

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4
Q

How did the war end?

A

Treaty of Paris 1856

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5
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Not significant
-Didn’t change the Tsar’s ideology i.e. remained an autocrat BUT he did acknowledge the need to reform from above (rather than below) (ideology)
-Did lead to changes in local government e.g. creation of Zemstva but this was limited due to redemption payments (structure)

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6
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Significant
-In 1854 the war cost roughly 45% of the government’s expenditure (impact)
-More money was printed by the government to combat high expenditure= high debts (impact)
-Highlighted the economic backwardness of Russia + need to industrialise (impact + lack of reform)

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7
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Significant
-Emancipation Edict 1861= peasants legally freed BUT impact reduced by redemption payments (impact)
-Education, military and judicial reforms introduced (repression)
-Led to established opposition groups e.g. Populist movement= ‘people’s will’ (opposition)
-Question the Tsars intentions e.g. did he want to improve peasants lives or control the ‘dark masses’? (opposition)

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8
Q

RUSSO-TURKISH WAR- When was it?

A

1877-1888
-Alexander II

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9
Q

RUSSO-TURKISH WAR- When was it?

A

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?1877-1888
-Alexander II

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10
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Not significant at all
-No change to the structure of government
-No change to Tsars ideology

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11
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Significant
-Caused a financial crisis at an already tenuous time for the Russian economy e.g. the rouble collapsed (impact)
-Highlighted Russia’s failure to industrialise (lack of reform)

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12
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Treaty of San Stefano= significant positively because it strengthened the Tsars image e.g. territorial and money gains - significant initial sense of pride (impact)
-Treaty of Berlin= significant negatively because it meant Russia lost territorial gains- led to discontent in Russia BUT still minor discontent in comparison to other wars (opposition)

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13
Q

RUSSO-JAPONESE WAR- When was it?

A

1904-1905
-Nicholas II

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14
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-Contributed to the October Revolution which in turn resulted in the formation of a Duma- elected representative body - step towards democracy (structure)
-Slight shift in Tsar’s ideology as he recognised change was needed but again desired to preserve autocracy= 1906 Fundamental Laws
-Image of the Tsar’s authority was shattered- humiliating defeat to a ‘racially inferior country’ (ideology)

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15
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Significant
- Led to food shortages, high inflation and was exacerbated by bad harvests in 1905 (impact)
-Highlighted that Russia’s economy still in need of industrialisation (impact)

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16
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Significant
-High press coverage of the failure increased discontent in Russia (impact)
-Prestige of the Tsar was destroyed
-Increased opposition- Social Revolutionary groups and middle-class Zemstvo liberals, as well as urban revolutionaries
-Contributed to a series of reforms introduced by Stolypin, known as the ‘necktie era’ (repression)

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17
Q

1905 REVOLUTION- When was it?

A

-October 1905
-Nicholas II

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18
Q

What was the result of Bloody Sunday?

A

-Peaceful protests for minimum wages and improved living standards were disrupted by troops who fired upon the protestors
-Strikes broke out across St Petersburg- nearly 400,000 went on strike
-Broke peoples trust of the Tsar

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19
Q

What was the result of the Potemkin Mutiny?

A

-Poor conditions in the Navy caused sailors to mutiny
-After heavy looting and violence the Tsar ordered troops to fire upon the sailors
=Embarrassment for the Tsar’s authority + concern for security (needed army’s support to remain Tsar)

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20
Q

How significant of a threat was the St Petersburg Soviet?

A

-Provided a model of a working-class organisation for future revolutions e.g. 1917 revolution
-Strong indication of the power of the Urban workers

21
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-Led to the establishment of a Duma under the October Manifesto- step towards a democracy (structure)
-HOWEVER Fundamental Laws preserve Tsar’s autocracy (ideology)

22
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Strikes paralysed the economy (impact)
-Decrease in production led to food shortages, inflation etc.
-Military spending increased by 50% (reform)

23
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Significant
-Broke the bond between the Tsar and his people (impact)
-Laid the grounds for further unrest and large-scale violence (opposition)
-Stolypin’s necktie era= 1905-1906 15,000 people executed (repression)
-Liberals= satisfied with manifesto
-Kadets= further reform
HOWEVER divided opposition strengthened the Tsar’s power (impact)

24
Q

WORLD WAR 1- When was it?

A

1914-1918
-Nicholas II

25
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Significant
-Nicholas II personally blamed for the failures of the war- chose to personally direct the army 600 miles away from Petrograd
-Left the government in ‘chronic instability’ i.e. Alexandra and Rasputin blamed for chaos
-Nicholas pressured into reconvening the Duma in 1915 but after a progressive bloc formed he tried to suspend it- increasing resentment (structure)
-Led to the February revolution= downfall of Tsar

26
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-Wartime inflation= 300%
-1914-1916 the price of food and fuel quadrupled= food shortages and demands for bread
-Strikes paralysed the economy at such a crucial moment

27
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Opposition flourished against Nicholas II handling of the war
-Peasants angry at forced conscription when so many peasants didn’t return from the frontlines- 5.5 million casualties
-Urban workers= increasingly hostile
-Putilov strike in 1917= February revolution

28
Q

THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION- When was it?

A

February 1917

29
Q

What was the trigger for the revolution?

A

-Strikes in Petrograd demanding food
-Troops were ordered to fire upon the crowd but mutinies began to appear in the army
-Nicholas had lost control

30
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-On the 2nd March- Tsar Nicholas II abdicated= end of 300 year Romanov dynasty
-Provisional Government in power= first democratic government in Russian history (structure)
-Some liberal reforms introduced e.g. freedom of speech, religious tolerance (ideology)
-Formation of the Petrograd soviet AND order number 1

31
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Significant
-P.G= continue fighting in the war
-Hindered the economy further e.g. 1914-1917 17 million roubles spent on the war effort

32
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Some liberal policies introduced by the PG e.g. universal suffrage was introduced for men and women
-Secret police were disbanded e.g. less repression

33
Q

WORLD WAR 1- Provisional Government

A
34
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Significant
-Decision to keep fighting in WW1 was a major reason for their fall- July days + October Revolution which would introduce communist government
-Failure of the Summer Offensive= humiliation

35
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Significant
-Economy continued to deteriorate e.g. war-time inflation, food shortages, debt
-Strikes and high unemployment

36
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

-Russians were tired of the chaos and instability of war- created more opposition and discontent in society

37
Q

THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION- What triggered it?

A

The events of the July days- riots had been established all over Russia in response to the food shortages caused by the war- Bolshevik’s saw their chance to take power

38
Q

What did Lenin issue?

A

1.Decree on peace
-Government would seek immediate peace terms with Germany without losing territory
2. Decree on land
-Abolished the private ownership of land

39
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-Led to the downfall of the PG and the establishment of the first Communist government- Lenin
-Creation of a communist utopia i.e. a dictatorship of the proletariat and a one-party state (structure)
-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk= formal cease-fire

40
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-Under Brest-Litovsk, Russia lost 1 million square miles of territory, as well as a majority of its coal, iron and oil stores
-Also lost 27% of its farmland= significant decrease in production as a result

41
Q

How significant was the SOCIAL impact?

A

Significant
-Russia lost 55 million people, many of which could be workers, farmers etc.
-Peasant support from the Decree on Land
-Decree on Peace was also initially favourable, however was quickly undermined

42
Q

THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR- When was it?

A

1917-1922

43
Q

Who was it between?

A

The Reds= Bolsheviks
-The Whites= Political conservatives (anti-communist forces)
-The Greens= armed peasant groups

44
Q

How did it end?

A

Lenin’s red army established control and won, establishing the Soviet Union.

45
Q

What contributed to the Reds success?

A
  1. Geographical factors e.g. Bolsheviks had main armament factories in their area
  2. Unity e.g. whites were made up of several different groups
  3. Leadership e.g. Trotsky’s leadership was powerful and there was high discipline in the red army
46
Q

How significant was the POLITICAL impact?

A

-Significant
-Red’s/Bolsheviks’s power was consolidated as the white opposition was removed
-The emergence of Lenin’s cult of personality began
-Government introduced war communism- attempt to establish a structured socialist economy

47
Q

What did war communism introduce?

A

-Nationalisation of large enterprises
- State monopoly of markets for goods and services
- Forced requisitioning of agricultural produce

48
Q

How significant was the ECONOMIC impact?

A

-Extremely significant
-Grain requisitioning encouraged food shortages which led to a famine in 1921
-Industrial production fell
-Black market developed for consumer goods as not enough were being produced
-Cultivated lank shrunk to 62% of what it had been previously

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