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Biol 371 > Theme 3 Plants > Flashcards

Theme 3 Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organisms phenotype dependent on?

A

cell number, type, and function

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2
Q

Does every cell in an organism have an identical genome?

A

Yes, they all have identical DNA sequences

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3
Q

What are the two major endosymbiotic events in life?

A

The acquisition of mitochondria and the acquisition of plastids.

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4
Q

Do all organisms have a common unicellular ancestor?

A

Yes

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5
Q

How long ago was the plant-animal eukaryotic ancestor formed.

A

1.6 Ga

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6
Q

When were multicellular trace fossils found?

A

0.6 Ga

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7
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A

To understand similarity and diversity of living organisms in an organized manner, provides information on evolutionary lineages

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8
Q

What is a potential application for understanding evolutionary lineages?

A

Fruit flys, they are very similar to us evolutionary wise and therefore can be used as a model organism in order to study diseases in humans

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9
Q

What are the defining characteristics of land plants?

A

Eukaryotes
Almost all are photoautotrophs
Multicellular
Sessile or stationary (because its photosynthetic and rooted)
Cell walls
Alternation of generations life cycle
Embryo (sporophyte (diploid)) retained on the gametophyte (haploid) tissue

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10
Q

Name a heterotrophic plant, how do we know it’s a plant without identifier of chloroplast?

A

Monotropa uniflora, is a parasitic plant that gets organic carbon from other plants. Can grow in dark conditions as long as they have a source of carbon.

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11
Q

What is the primary cell wall?

A

All plants have this, is a cell wall that surrounds plasma membrane and cell contents (cytoplasm, organelles).
Is flexible, can move and expand to increase cell length.

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12
Q

What is the primary cell wall made out of?

A

Made from sheets of cellulose fibres in a matrix of hemicellulose, include sugars and structural proteins (Pic on slide 17).

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13
Q

Is the plant cell wall a good source of nutrients?

A

No, as it is primarily made of cellulose, which is a compound humans don’t have the enzymes to digest, it goes straight through our digestive systems.

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14
Q

Can cellulose be used as a fuel source?

A

No as you need to break it down to make biofuels, needs a very high temp which is too costly for this fuel source.

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15
Q

Name an example of cellulose?

A

Pure cotton

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16
Q

What type of plant cell have a secondary cell wall?

A

Xylem and sclerenchyma are types of plant cells that have a secondary cell wall.

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17
Q

What is the difference between the primary cell wall and secondary cell wall?

A

Difference between primary and secondary cell wall is that the secondary cell wall has it’s cellulose fibres anchored with lignin which makes it more strong, more rigid, and creates a waterproof barrier.

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18
Q

Do plant cell walls themselves provide ridgitiy?

A

No, It is not the cell wall but the turgor pressure from the vacuole pushing against the cell wall that provides rigidity

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19
Q

How does turgor pressure work in plant cells?

A

Plant cells main features that contribute to turgor pressure are the cell wall, the vacuole, and the tonoplast- a membrane that surrounds the central vacuole.
Plant cells acquire or lose water through osmosis, vacuoles have high solute concentration (less water) which induces water to flow into the vacuole from outside the cell, this enlarges the vacuole which pushes against the tonoplast and then causes the tonoplast (plasma membrane) to enlarge and push against the cell wall. This creates rigid cells, and is called turgid pressure.

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20
Q

What are the three states of cells in osmosis, and what are the corresponding plant cell states?

A

Hypertonic - Plasmolyzed
Isotonic- Flaccid
Hypotonic- Turgid

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21
Q

What happens when plant cells are hyptonic?

A

Plant cells are turgid, water rushes into vacuole as there is a lower concentration of water inside the vacuole than outside the plant cell- usually cells would burst but plant cells don’t because cell wall provide support. This is what we would expect in a well watered plant.

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22
Q

What happens when plant cells are isotonic?

A

Water concentration inside vacuole is equivalent to outside of vacuole, as vacuole doesn’t swell up, tonoplast doesn’t press up against cell walls, leading to less turgid pressure and therefore a flaccid plant.

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23
Q

What happens when plant cells are hypertonic?

A

Water concentration outside plant cell is less than in the vacuole, water rushes out of vacuole (shrinking it and tonoplast) and the cells of the plant become plasmolyzed. The plant is now dead, this happens when their is no water in the soil of a plant.

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24
Q

Whats a specific example of a plant that utilizes turgid pressure? Describe how they do it?

A

Touch me nots, when touched release chemicals that cause water to rush out of vacuole. This is why they shrink away.

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25
Q

What does alternation of generations mean?

A

Plants alternate between a haploid (gametophyte) and a diploid (sporophyte) generation during a single life cycle.

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26
Q

How is plant life cycle different from animals?

A

Animals have a free living (not dependent on other organism) diploid (dominant) individual (parent), form their gametes (haploid, unicellular) through meiosis, and these gametes are not free living- need diploid individual for survival.

In plants- Dominance of diploid (sporophytic) and haploid (gametophytic) stages alter and vary for different groups of plants.
Gametophyte are multicellular produced through mitosis from unicellular spores. Go through mitosis to produce a lot of gametes (unicellular)
A lot more gametes are produced- chances of successful reproduction higher.

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27
Q

Describe life cycle for plants starting from sporophyte- list each stage as n, 2n, and uni or multiceullular

A

Sporophyte 2n, multicellular plant structure.
Produces spores (n) unicellular through meiosis.
Spores (n, unicellular) produce gametophyte (plant structure) (n, multicellular) through mitosis.
Gametophyte (n, multicellular) goes through mitosis to produce n, unicellular gametes.
Gametes go through fertilization produce diploid unicellular zygotes and 2n multicellular offspring.

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28
Q

Where does the embryo go following fertilization?

A

The embryo is retained on the female gametophyte inside the tissue

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29
Q

What are the two things land plants are classified froms?

A

Presence of
-vascular tissue
-seeds

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30
Q

What is a vascular system?

A

Is the circulatory system/network that addresses the plants water and nutrient needs. Can see vascular tissue on plant (veins).

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31
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A

Is vasculature tissue but occur in bundles together. Is a component of the vascular system.

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32
Q

What are the 4 cell types in vascular bundles? What do they do?

A

Xylem (are water conducting cells, dead at maturity)- have secondary cell wall, provide structural support
phloem (are cells that transport sugars and other solutes, alive at maturity)
parenchyma cells
and fiber cells- are sclerenchyma cells- have secondary cell wall, provides rigid support to xylem and phloem. Have files of it running through the vascular system.

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33
Q

What are industrial uses of fiber cells?

A

Strong fiber cells provide raw material for:
textile industry (linen from flask)
Rope (get this from hemp/cannabis)

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34
Q

What is lignin?

A

Lignin is the second most abundant polymer after cellulose. It is hydrophobic and aromatic in nature. It is co-valently linked with cell wall polysaccharides (hemicellulose) providing the rigidity and strength for the cell wall.

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35
Q

Why are vegetables crunchy and fiberous?

A

crunchy and fiberous due to lignin in xylem and sclerenchyma.

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36
Q

What is the greatest advantage of having vasculature?

A

Allows you to stand tall and therefore look for sunlight, increases photosynthetic capacity- this is what allowed trees to dominate.

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37
Q

Describe the transport routes in plants

A

Water and solute enter plant roots through plasma membrane of root hair (short distance transport)
Water and mineral ions travel from root into xylem cells by passing through or between plant cells.
Vascular system distributes water through out the plant through xylem cells, exits plant through leaves.
Sugars get distributed through plant by being loaded in and out phloem starting from leaves until they reach the roots.

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38
Q

Label three parts of seed on slide 30

A
  1. Cotyledon, 2 true leaves, 3 radicle or roots
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39
Q

Are hornworts closer to lycophytes or bryophytes genetically

A

Lycophytes

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40
Q

What are naked seeds? which type of plant has them?

A

Naked seeds are seed not enclosed in an ovary, gymnosperms have these.

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41
Q

Name characteristics and examples of nonvascular plants

A

Lack vascular tissue
Haploid generation is dominant
Bryophytes (eg. Mosses)
Diploid generation small/shorter time
Bryophytes- liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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42
Q

Name characteristics and examples of seedless vascular plants

A

Have well-developed vascular tissues but do not make seeds
Diploid generation is dominant
Haploid generation small/shorter time
Lycophtyes: club mosses, spike mosses, quilworts)
Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

43
Q

Name characteristics and examples of vascular seed plants

A

Have well-developed vascular tissues and produce seeds
Haploid generation microscopic/shorter time
Gymnosperms- conifers,: spruce, pine tree- most trees.
Angiosperms- flowers, fruit

44
Q

Why through plant evolution does the haploid stage of plants keep on getting reduced?

A

why? because diploid offers 2 copies of genes and can compensate for deficient genes. The longer the plant stays in diploid stage the longer it can develop beneficial mutations.
Delaying meiosis or staying longer in diploid generation to accumulate favourable mutations in order to evolve.

45
Q

Is there a fitness advantage to being a diploid vs haploid

A

No actual advantage in strength, but diploids have two copies of genes so can make up for deficient ones, can develop beneficial mutations

46
Q

What is the genetic load?

A

The amount of genetic mutation the average human carries

47
Q

What are the traits of non-vascular plants

A

Bryophytes
first to appear on land
Lack conducting tissues
These plants are small, grow close to the ground on wet sites
Need a lot of water do a lot of ecosystem services
ex:Mosses

48
Q

Define poikilohydric

A

Poikilo- variable
Hydric- water
Means plants lacks ability to control, maintain, or regulate internal water content.

49
Q

Are bryophytes poikiliohydric? Describe what this means.

A

Yes and
have little control over internal water content
Do not restrict water loss
When habitat dries out, they also dry out
They are drought tolerators and not drought avoiders

50
Q

What is an example of drought avoiders? How do they do this?

A

Drought avoiders are trees, ones with stomata they combat this by leaf orientation and leaf area as well as stomatic conductance (how much they open/close their stoma)

51
Q

Describe the life cycle of a moss

A

sporophyte goes through meiosis to produce spores, each spore forms a bud that develops into a female or male gametophyte (through mitosis), male gametophyte releases sperm which swims in water to reach egg in female gametophyte- fertilizes it, than zygote stay on female gametophyte in order to get water and nutrient from ir and develops into a sporophyte through mitosis. Sporophyte is retained on female gametophyte.

52
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

Rhizoids anchor gametophytes to substrate (Substrate can be rock or soil. Rhizoid is not a root, the main point of rhizoid is to anchor a plant and so it doesn’t get washed away in wet environment.)
Acts like vascular tissue.

53
Q

What are gametangia?

A

Area of gametophyte plant that produces gametes in shelter.

54
Q

What is female gametangia? What do they produce?

A

Female gametangia produces eggs, is archegonia

55
Q

What is male gametangia? What do they produce?

A

antheridia, sperm

56
Q

What are protonema?

A

In bryophytes, is what spore produces after germinating and is filamentous and low lying on ground that produces multiple buds on it, these buds are what developed into female and male gametophytes.

57
Q

Describe the important points of the bryophyte life cycle?

A

Requires water to run the life cycle
Gametophyte is the dominant phase (gamete amplification)
Flagellated sperm swims to the egg (dependent on water)
Sporophyte retained on the gametophyte (Embryo protection)
Sporophyte/sporangia produces haploid spores following meiosis (Spores are very resistant and germinate only under favorable condition)
Protonema- produces multiple buds
and many gametophytes
(Gamete amplification)

58
Q

What are some interesting facts on sphagnum moss

A

Sphagnum moss can store water can hold large quantities
of water inside their cells

Plants may hold from 16-26 times as much water as their dry weight depending on the species

Used as soil conditioner (dried peat moss), used as insulating material, has antiseptic properties and was used as surgical dressing during World War I

Peat is used as a fuel, production of ethanol, paper manufacture, for packaging material for shipment of plants, cut flowers, vegetables

59
Q

Why are mosses important to the ecosystem?

A

Produce nitrogen by n2 fixing, good as plants need it.

60
Q

What are seedless vascular plants?

A

Have vascular tissues but no seeds

61
Q

In what environments do seedless plants flourish?

A

Moist ones

62
Q

What is dominant phase in seedless vascular plants?

A

diploid sporophytes

63
Q

What are microphylls? How did they develop?

A

These are narrow leaves with a single vein, developed from stem outgrowth that vascular tissue grew into.

64
Q

In which type of plats are microphylls present in?

A

Lycophytes

65
Q

Name 5 characteristics of lycophytes

A

Highly diverse around 350 mya,
Tree sized forms inhabited swamps, These giants are no more today
Present day lycophytes are small and grow on forest floors in moist conditions
They all have microphylls (narrow leaves, single vein)
Cone or strobilus: spores are produced in strobilus

66
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

wide leaves with multiple veins

67
Q

How did megaphylls develop?

A

Branches began to be unequal and started fanning out in the same plane photosynthetic tissue was slapped on them.

68
Q

Why is the development on megaphylls beneficial?

A

Allows plants to photosynthesize more.

69
Q

In what type of plants are megaphylls present?

A

Present in all vascular plants that are not lycophytes.

70
Q

Describe characteristics of Pterophyta

A

Most common example are ferns, the plant body we see is the sporophyte stage, have finely divided leaves called fronds, have roots, have vasculature, sporangia are found on the underside of leaves, the gametangia is formed on the underside of the gametophytes.

71
Q

Can ferns survive without continuous moisture?

A

Yes

72
Q

Describe the life cycle of a fern

A

Mature sporophyte goes through meiosis to produce spores, these spores germinate and produce haploid gametophytes, protonema stage isn’t needed as enough spores are produced to go straight to gametophyte phase. Gametangia are under gametophyte, in the presence of water the antheridium bursts releasing sperm that swim to the archegonium, they fertilize and them the sporophyte is formed still on the gametophyte.

73
Q

How are fern gametophytes anchored to the ground?

A

Through rhizoids

74
Q

How do fern gametophytes increase the chances of cross fertilization?

A

Female gametangia produce a hormone called antheridiogen when flooded with water, this stops others fern gametophytes from growing at the notch meristem and therefore stopping them from producing eggs.

75
Q

What does it mean that fern have bisexual gametangia?

A

Both female and male gametangia are present on the gametophyte, not separate plants, the timing of when one or the other forms will determine if the fern does cross or self fertilization.

76
Q

What characteristics are in all seedless vascular plants?

A

Seedless vascular plants (Lycophytes and Pterophytes)
Have vasculature, plants slowly becoming larger
Sporophytes dominant phase (photosynthetic)
Sporophytes produce plant body with leaves and roots
Small gametophytes (bisexual, hermaphrodite)
Produce flagellated sperms and need water for reproduction
Sporophyte produces plant body on the gametophyte

77
Q

What are the 2 (main) traits of seed plants?

A

Have seeds and vasculature tissue

78
Q

What are the two groups of seed plants and how do they differ?

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms, gymnosperms have naked seeds, angiosperms don’t covered by fruit/flower.

79
Q

Whats the dominant phase in gymno and angiosperms?

A

sporophytes

80
Q

What is the male gametes in angio and gymnosperms?

A

Pollen (multicellular)

81
Q

Why are seed important evolutinary steps in gymo / angio sperms

A

can reproduce w out water

82
Q

How do gymnosperms produce the male and female gametophytes?

A

through male and female cones which house megaspores- gives rise to female gametophyte in ovule. male cones house microspores which give rise to male gametophyte (pollen)

83
Q

Why do you always find male cones at the bottom of gymnosperm plants.

A

So the pollen doesn’t accidentally fertilize their own male cones.

84
Q

How is pollen as sperm motile

A

Wind transfers it, isn’t flagellated and therefore doesn’t need water.

85
Q

Describe the life cycle of gymnosperms

A

The mature sporophyte has female and male cones (which hold their spores), female cone has two ovules which hold the megasporocyte, the megasporangium produces 4 megaspores through meiosis of which only one survives. This megaspore produces the female gametophyte inside the ovule, this then produces the archegonia, which then produces egg cells. The male cones pollen grains produced though meiosis from the microspore form into a pollen tube which then initiates fertilization by entering the ovule. 4 embryos form but as the seed matures only one embryo survives. This embryo gets its nutrients from the tissue of the seed. This seed then plants and form the mature sporophyte.

86
Q

Why is there no risk of predation for the female gametophyte?

A

The female gametophyte is attached to the sporophyte plant and protected by many layers of tissue

87
Q

How does the male sperm cell find the egg cell?

A

On ovuliferous scales, there’s two ovule both which have openings called micropyles, when winged pollen comes into contact with these the megasporangium secretes a fluid called the pollination drop which traps pollen and then recedes and allow pollen to enter megasporangium, this then forms a pollen tube which grows through archegonium (through chemotaxis) and ruptures releasing nucelous to egg.

88
Q

Where does the embryo gets it’s food supply from in the seed?

A

The female gametophyte tissue

89
Q

Describe the parts of a seed gymnosperm slide 64

A

The embryo (2n)
The nutritive tissue (n)
The seed coat (2n)

90
Q

Why are seeds beneficial?

A

Can transport long distances which allows species to dominate land faster, also allows embryos to be dormant until conditions occur that are favourable.

91
Q

Name all phyla of gymnosperms

A

Confiers Coniferophyta
Cycads (Cycadophyta)
Ginkgoes (Ginkophyta)
Gnetophyta

92
Q

What are some examples of phylum coniferophyta

A

Most common gymnosperms
Pines, spruces, and firs
Woody reproductive cones

93
Q

Do phylum coniferophyta shed?

A

Most are evergreen, so they some but not all leaves.

94
Q

What are some uses of conifers?

A

Produce resins, timber, and paper

95
Q

Are angiosperms monocotic or eudocotic?

A

Both some seed have one seed leaf some seed have two seed leafs.

96
Q

What are angiosperm adaptations?

A

Have more efficent phloem (transport of sugar), Has double fertilization, and the ovary turns into fruit which protects the ovule, nourishes the seeds, and disperses seeds.

97
Q

What are monocots?

A

one seed leaf, are grasses, orchids, lillies
have parallel veined leaves
3 petalled flours

98
Q

What are eudicots

A

roses, fruit trees, beans, potatoes
Have two seed leaves
Have reticulate veins (form a net pattern)
4/5 petal flowers

99
Q

Describe an angiosperm life cycle

A

sporangia are located on anther, each one contains 2-4 sporangia, within each sporangium cells go through meiosis forming haploid spores, this then develops pollen. When the pollen is mature the anthers rupture. The pollen then germinates goes to stigma and then grows through the style. The pollen tube contains two sperm cells. The pollen tube grows at the tip. The pollen tube enter the ovary, each locate an ovule through chemotaxis and fertilize them to produce a diploid zygote (male gametophyte fuses with egg in fg in ovule) and a triploid endosperm cell (male gametophyte fuses with diploid female gametophyte (formed through two central cells), the zygote becomes an embryo, and fertilized ovule becomes seed. Ovary develops into fruit. Female gametophyte is produced through meiosis from ovule has 8 nuceli and 7 cells.

100
Q

Whats placenta in terms of angiosperm?

A

surface of carpel to which ovule seeds are attached.

101
Q

Describe all parts of angio sperm seed

A

seed coat (2n) developed from sporophyte ovule
Endosperm (3n) Is two nuceli in central cell and haploid cell, Embryo is egg cell and sperm cell (2n)

102
Q

How does red light affect phytochrome? How does that effect seeds?

A

Red light turn phytochrome from inactive form to active form, need phytochrome to be in active form for seeds to germinate, as that’s how they’ll be able to photosynthesize so they wait for red light.

103
Q

What’s coevolution?

A

animals and plants evolving together occurs when two or more species interact a lot in the same environment.
Plants evolved to attract pollinators.
Animals evolved body part to pollinate plants.

104
Q

Why do tropical areas have more biodiversity?

A

Higher rates of ppt and transpiration, more biomass

Biol 371 (7 decks)

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