Theme 3 - 3.4 - Tourism Flashcards
Define tourism.
Travel away from the home environment for personal recreational reasons or business purposes.
Define package tour.
The most popular form of foreign holiday where travel, accommodation and meals may all be included in the price and booked in advance.
Define growth pole.
A particular location where economic development, such as tourism, is focused, setting off wider growth in the region as a whole.
Define economic leakages.
The part of money a tourist pays for a foreign holiday that due not benefit the destination country because it goes elsewhere.
Define multiplier effect.
The idea that an initial amount of spending or investment causes money to circulate in the economy, bringing a series of economic benefits over time.
Define sustainable tourism.
Tourism organised in such a way that its levels can be sustained in the future without creating irreparable environmental, social and economic damage to the receiving area.
Define destination footprint.
The environmental impact caused by an individual tourist.
Define ecotourism.
A specialised form of tourism where people experience relatively untouched natural environments, such as coral reefs, tropical rainforests and remote mountain areas, and ensure that their presence does no further damage to these environments.
Define preservation.
Maintaining a location exactly as it is and not allowing development.
Define conservation.
Allowing for developments that do not damage the character of destination.
Define community tourism.
A form of tourism which aims to include and benefit local communities, particularly in developing countries.
Define pro-poor tourism.
Tourism that results in increased net benefits for poor people.
Define honeypot site.
A site which attracts many tourists.
Define national park.
An area of countryside protected by the state for the environment of the general public or the preservation of wildlife.
Define domestic tourism.
Tourism within the country of residency.
What are the global trends in tourism?
It is growing rapidly and is predicted to keep doing so.
Describe the history of tourism.
- During the 17th Century, doctors began to recommend mineral water treatments -> Large number of spas in Britain by the end of the 18th Century.
- Seaside resorts emerged -> People began to appreciate coastal landscapes in a new way
- After Industrial Revolution, annual holidays started -> But only for the rich
- First package tours by Thomas Cook in 1841 -> Due to new railway network
- Middle-class emerged -> Increased amount of tourism
- Growing appreciation of human landscapes, such as cities
- Greatest developments since the Second World War
- Invention of jet plane -> Mass international tourism
Does tourism only include people on holiday?
No, it also includes business and professional travel, as well as visits to friends and family.
Where are the majority of tourist from currently?
Europe
What are the different types of tourist attractions and what is the difference between them?
- Physical - Attractions that have been made by nature
* Human - Attractions that have been made by people
Give an example of a physical tourist attraction.
- Beach
* Lake
Give an example of a human tourist attraction.
The Eiffel Tower
What are some factors that encourage growth of tourism in an area?
- Environmental - Good climate + Scenery
- Socio-economic - Accessibility + Accommodation + Attractions (e.g. paragliding) + Services (e.g. banks)
- Historic/Cultural - Famous sites/traditions (e.g. pizza in Italy)
- Religious - Pilgrimages
- Other - Uniqueness (e.g. UFO crash site)
Give an example of a place where the human landscape has influenced tourism.
- Entertainment -> Los Angeles - Casinos and Disneyworld
* Cultural -> Egypt - Pyramids
Give an example of a place where the physical landscape has influenced tourism.
Himalayas - Mountains
What are some reasons for the global growth of tourism?
ECONOMIC
• Increasing incomes
• Decreasing cost of holidays
• Widening range of destinations in the middle-income range
• Marketing
• Expansion of budget airlines
• Globalisation -> Increased business travel
SOCIAL
• Increase in the average number of days of paid leave
• Increasing desire to experience different cultures
• Raised expectations -> Of international travel due to media
• High levels of immigration -> People has friends and family abroad
• Longer life expectancy + larger world population
• Freedom -> Especially women
POLITICAL
• Many governments have invested heavily to encourage tourism
• Government backing of international events like the Olympics
What was the number of international tourists in 2012?
Over 1 billion
How much of the world GDP does tourism account for?
9%
How many jobs does tourism account for?
1 in 11
What is the problem of tourism as employment?
Seasonality
What is the most common sort of tourist?
Leisure, recreation and holidays.
What is the Butler model?
A model which shows how any tourist resort may grow.
What are the stages of the Butler model?
- EXPLORATION - A small number of tourists visit the area
- INVOLVEMENT - Local people start to provide some facilities for tourists + There starts to become a tourist season
- DEVELOPMENT - The host country begins to develop and advertise the area + It becomes recognised as a tourist destination
- CONSOLIDATION - Area continues to attract tourists, but more slowly + Some tensions develop between the host and the tourists
- STAGNATION - The facilities for tourists may decline as they become old and run down + Number of tourists many start to decline
- REJUVENATION - Investment and modernisation occur + Tourist numbers increase again
- DECLINE - If the area is not rejuvenated, the area goes into decline + Jobs lost + Image of area suffers
What are some things that cause economic leakages in tourism?
- Transport costs paid to airlines and other carriers
- Payment to foreign owners of hotels and other facilities
- The cost of goods and services imported for the tourist industry
- Remittances sent home by foreign workers
- Foreign debt relating to tourism
- Payments to foreign companies to build tourist infrastructure
What are the benefits of tourism to receiving areas?
ECONOMIC
• Brings in valuable foreign money -> Benefits other sectors of the economy
• Provides employment -> Especially in the informal sector
• Tax revenues
• Provides employment in rural area -> Reduces rural-to-urban migration
• Creates openings for small businesses
• Tourism can act as a growth pole
SOCIAL/CULTURAL
• Can develop foreign language skills
• Visiting historic sites can develop understanding and appreciation
• Increases range of services + better infrastructure for local people
• Better understanding between cultures
• Events like the Olympics can have positive impact
ENVIRONMENTAL
• Eco-tourism can promote sustainable management
What are the disadvantages of tourism to receiving areas?
ECONOMIC
• Economic leakage
• Most jobs created are low-paid and seasonal
• Money borrowed to invest in infrastructure -> Increases national debt
• Local resources might be wasted (i.e. better industries than tourism possible)
• Over-dependency on tourism
• Tourism consumes many resources
SOCIAL/CULTURAL
• Modification of traditions and culture (‘Americanisation’)
• Money may be diverted from more important improvements (e.g. healthcare)
• Increasing availability of drugs and alcohol
• Increase in prices for local people
• Limiting local people’s access to their own attractions (e.g. beaches)
• Increased congestion
• Crime and prostitution
ENVIRONMENTAL
• Increased pollution
What are some ways in which tourism can be managed to make it sustainable?
- Making people aware of their ‘destination footprint’
- Encouraging eco-tourism
- Creating protected areas -> National Parks
- Tourist hubs -> Limiting people to certain areas of a country
- Quotas -> Limits on the number of people visiting an area
Give an example of a National Park.
Yellowstone - USA
Name some types of protected areas.
- National Parks
- Country Parks
- Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
- World Heritage Sites
What are the problems with creating protected areas in order to manage tourism?
It can affect other industries, like mining, which would like to use these areas.
Give an example of a tourist hub created to manage tourism.
- Benidorm - Spain
* Cancun - Mexico
